-
公开(公告)号:CN107068626A
公开(公告)日:2017-08-18
申请号:CN201611165745.9
申请日:2016-12-16
申请人: 瑞萨电子株式会社
IPC分类号: H01L23/31 , H01L25/07 , H01L23/498 , H01L23/495 , H01L23/528
CPC分类号: H01L23/49575 , H01L23/49503 , H01L23/49513 , H01L23/4952 , H01L23/49537 , H01L23/49548 , H01L23/49551 , H01L23/49861 , H01L23/5227 , H01L24/06 , H01L24/29 , H01L24/32 , H01L24/48 , H01L24/49 , H01L24/73 , H01L24/97 , H01L2224/05014 , H01L2224/05639 , H01L2224/29139 , H01L2224/29339 , H01L2224/32245 , H01L2224/45144 , H01L2224/45147 , H01L2224/48095 , H01L2224/48108 , H01L2224/48135 , H01L2224/48137 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/48247 , H01L2224/48257 , H01L2224/49109 , H01L2224/49113 , H01L2224/49171 , H01L2224/49175 , H01L2224/49179 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2224/83192 , H01L2224/85439 , H01L2224/92247 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/181 , H04B5/0075 , H01L2224/05599 , H01L2924/00012 , H01L2924/00 , H01L23/3121 , H01L23/49517 , H01L23/49811 , H01L23/528 , H01L25/071
摘要: 本发明提供一种半导体器件,实现了半导体器件的小型化。SOP1包括:半导体芯片;另一半导体芯片;其上安装前者半导体芯片的管芯焊盘;其上安装后者半导体芯片的另一管芯焊盘;多个导线;以及密封体。在SOP1的平面图中,前者半导体芯片和前者管芯焊盘与后者半导体芯片和后者管芯焊盘不重叠。此外,在横截面图的水平方向上,前者半导体芯片和前者管芯焊盘与后者半导体芯片和后者管芯焊盘不重叠。
-
公开(公告)号:CN106098573A
公开(公告)日:2016-11-09
申请号:CN201610283784.2
申请日:2016-04-29
申请人: 三菱电机株式会社
IPC分类号: H01L21/58 , H01L21/603
CPC分类号: H01L24/83 , H01L24/27 , H01L24/29 , H01L24/32 , H01L2224/2711 , H01L2224/27334 , H01L2224/27505 , H01L2224/27848 , H01L2224/29013 , H01L2224/29139 , H01L2224/29147 , H01L2224/29294 , H01L2224/29347 , H01L2224/2957 , H01L2224/2969 , H01L2224/32054 , H01L2224/32225 , H01L2224/32245 , H01L2224/45124 , H01L2224/45147 , H01L2224/48137 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/48472 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2224/743 , H01L2224/82203 , H01L2224/83192 , H01L2224/83447 , H01L2224/8384 , H01L2224/83986 , H01L2224/92247 , H01L2224/97 , H01L2224/83 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/00012 , H01L2021/603 , H01L2224/2902 , H01L2224/321 , H01L2224/325 , H01L2224/83009 , H01L2224/83053 , H01L2224/8319 , H01L2224/83203 , H01L2924/01029 , H01L2924/01047
摘要: 本发明的目的在于提供一种半导体装置的制造方法,该方法抑制烧结性的接合材料的材料成本的增大,且进行高品质的接合。本发明涉及的半导体装置的制造方法具有下述工序:工序(a),在基板(绝缘基板(3))之上配置片状的烧结性的接合材料(2a);工序(b),在工序(a)之后,在接合材料(2a)之上配置半导体元件(1);以及工序(c),一边在基板与半导体元件(1)之间对所述接合材料(2a)施加压力、一边对所述接合材料(2a)进行烧结,接合材料(2a)含有Ag或Cu的微粒,微粒被有机膜包裹。
-
公开(公告)号:CN102376595B
公开(公告)日:2015-11-18
申请号:CN201110234097.9
申请日:2011-08-16
申请人: 新科金朋有限公司
IPC分类号: H01L21/56 , H01L21/60 , H01L21/768 , H01L23/31 , H01L23/498 , H01L23/538
CPC分类号: H01L23/5384 , H01L21/486 , H01L21/50 , H01L21/561 , H01L21/568 , H01L21/6835 , H01L21/768 , H01L23/3107 , H01L23/3128 , H01L23/5389 , H01L24/03 , H01L24/05 , H01L24/11 , H01L24/13 , H01L24/16 , H01L24/19 , H01L24/20 , H01L24/24 , H01L24/25 , H01L24/29 , H01L24/32 , H01L24/45 , H01L24/48 , H01L24/73 , H01L24/82 , H01L24/97 , H01L25/105 , H01L2221/68345 , H01L2221/68359 , H01L2221/68363 , H01L2221/68381 , H01L2221/68386 , H01L2224/0345 , H01L2224/03452 , H01L2224/03462 , H01L2224/03464 , H01L2224/0401 , H01L2224/04042 , H01L2224/04105 , H01L2224/05611 , H01L2224/05624 , H01L2224/05639 , H01L2224/05644 , H01L2224/05647 , H01L2224/05655 , H01L2224/06131 , H01L2224/1132 , H01L2224/11334 , H01L2224/1145 , H01L2224/11462 , H01L2224/11464 , H01L2224/11849 , H01L2224/11901 , H01L2224/131 , H01L2224/13111 , H01L2224/13113 , H01L2224/13116 , H01L2224/13124 , H01L2224/13139 , H01L2224/13144 , H01L2224/13147 , H01L2224/13155 , H01L2224/16225 , H01L2224/21 , H01L2224/2105 , H01L2224/215 , H01L2224/22 , H01L2224/221 , H01L2224/24011 , H01L2224/2405 , H01L2224/24105 , H01L2224/24226 , H01L2224/245 , H01L2224/25171 , H01L2224/29144 , H01L2224/2919 , H01L2224/32145 , H01L2224/32225 , H01L2224/45144 , H01L2224/48091 , H01L2224/48105 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/48227 , H01L2224/48228 , H01L2224/48599 , H01L2224/48611 , H01L2224/48624 , H01L2224/48639 , H01L2224/48644 , H01L2224/48647 , H01L2224/48655 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2224/73267 , H01L2224/82005 , H01L2224/92244 , H01L2224/95001 , H01L2224/97 , H01L2225/1035 , H01L2225/1041 , H01L2225/1058 , H01L2924/01013 , H01L2924/01029 , H01L2924/01047 , H01L2924/01049 , H01L2924/01073 , H01L2924/01074 , H01L2924/01079 , H01L2924/01082 , H01L2924/01322 , H01L2924/014 , H01L2924/09701 , H01L2924/12041 , H01L2924/12042 , H01L2924/12044 , H01L2924/1306 , H01L2924/13091 , H01L2924/14 , H01L2924/15311 , H01L2924/181 , H01L2924/30107 , H01L2924/3011 , H05K1/186 , H05K3/007 , H05K3/4602 , H05K3/4608 , H05K2201/0195 , H05K2201/10674 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/01014 , H01L2924/0665 , H01L2924/0105 , H01L2224/82 , H01L2924/00012 , H01L2924/00 , H01L2224/83
摘要: 本发明涉及形成具有导电层和导电通孔的FO-WLCSP的方法和半导体器件。Fo-WLCSP具有在半导体管芯周围形成的第一聚合物层。通过第一聚合物层的第一导电通孔在半导体管芯的周界周围形成。第一互连结构在第一聚合物层的第一表面上面形成且电连接到第一导电通孔。第一互连结构具有第二聚合物层和通过第二聚合物层形成的多个第二通孔。第二互连结构在第一聚合物层的第二表面上面形成且电连接到第一导电通孔。第二互连结构具有第三聚合物层和通过第三聚合物层形成的多个第三通孔。半导体封装可以以PoP布置安装到WLCSP。半导体封装通过第一互连结构或第二互连结构而电连接到WLCSP。
-
公开(公告)号:CN103367313A
公开(公告)日:2013-10-23
申请号:CN201310100325.2
申请日:2013-03-26
申请人: 英飞凌科技股份有限公司
IPC分类号: H01L23/522 , H01L21/768
CPC分类号: H01L21/76877 , H01L21/76816 , H01L23/13 , H01L23/3107 , H01L23/4334 , H01L23/49513 , H01L23/49517 , H01L23/49524 , H01L23/49562 , H01L23/49575 , H01L23/49833 , H01L24/05 , H01L24/24 , H01L24/29 , H01L24/32 , H01L24/35 , H01L24/37 , H01L24/40 , H01L24/41 , H01L24/48 , H01L24/49 , H01L24/73 , H01L24/82 , H01L24/92 , H01L25/072 , H01L25/50 , H01L2224/04026 , H01L2224/04034 , H01L2224/04105 , H01L2224/05624 , H01L2224/05639 , H01L2224/05644 , H01L2224/05647 , H01L2224/05655 , H01L2224/05664 , H01L2224/05666 , H01L2224/05669 , H01L2224/05671 , H01L2224/224 , H01L2224/24011 , H01L2224/2402 , H01L2224/24105 , H01L2224/24155 , H01L2224/24175 , H01L2224/24246 , H01L2224/244 , H01L2224/291 , H01L2224/29111 , H01L2224/29139 , H01L2224/29144 , H01L2224/29147 , H01L2224/2919 , H01L2224/29294 , H01L2224/29311 , H01L2224/29339 , H01L2224/29344 , H01L2224/29347 , H01L2224/29355 , H01L2224/32225 , H01L2224/32245 , H01L2224/35 , H01L2224/352 , H01L2224/3701 , H01L2224/37113 , H01L2224/37118 , H01L2224/37139 , H01L2224/37144 , H01L2224/37147 , H01L2224/37155 , H01L2224/3716 , H01L2224/37164 , H01L2224/37169 , H01L2224/40095 , H01L2224/40155 , H01L2224/40175 , H01L2224/40245 , H01L2224/40499 , H01L2224/41171 , H01L2224/48155 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/49171 , H01L2224/73263 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2224/73267 , H01L2224/82104 , H01L2224/82105 , H01L2224/82106 , H01L2224/83447 , H01L2224/83801 , H01L2224/8385 , H01L2224/83851 , H01L2224/84447 , H01L2224/92244 , H01L2224/92246 , H01L2224/92247 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/014 , H01L2924/12042 , H01L2924/1305 , H01L2924/13055 , H01L2924/1306 , H01L2924/13062 , H01L2924/13091 , H01L2924/15787 , H01L2924/181 , H01L2924/00 , H01L2924/0105 , H01L2924/01049 , H01L2924/01014 , H01L2924/07811 , H01L2924/01028 , H01L2924/00012 , H01L2924/01023 , H01L2224/45099
摘要: 本申请提供了一种电子装置及制造电子装置的方法,该电子装置包括第一芯片承载件和与所述第一芯片承载件分隔的第二芯片承载件。第一功率半导体芯片安装在所述第一芯片承载件上并且与其电连接。第二功率半导体芯片安装在所述第二芯片承载件上并且与其电连接。电绝缘材料配置成至少部分地包围所述第一功率半导体芯片和所述第二功率半导体芯片。将电互连装置配置成电连接所述第一功率半导体芯片和所述第二功率半导体芯片,其中,所述电互连装置具有接触夹和电流沉积导体中的至少一个。
-
公开(公告)号:CN101150118A
公开(公告)日:2008-03-26
申请号:CN200710138036.6
申请日:2007-08-02
申请人: 株式会社瑞萨科技
IPC分类号: H01L25/00 , H01L25/18 , H01L23/488
CPC分类号: H01L24/83 , H01L23/3128 , H01L23/49575 , H01L24/27 , H01L24/29 , H01L24/32 , H01L24/45 , H01L24/48 , H01L24/49 , H01L24/73 , H01L24/78 , H01L24/85 , H01L24/97 , H01L25/0657 , H01L2224/05554 , H01L2224/274 , H01L2224/29111 , H01L2224/2919 , H01L2224/32145 , H01L2224/32225 , H01L2224/32245 , H01L2224/45144 , H01L2224/48091 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/48227 , H01L2224/48247 , H01L2224/48465 , H01L2224/48599 , H01L2224/49113 , H01L2224/4912 , H01L2224/49171 , H01L2224/49174 , H01L2224/49175 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2224/78301 , H01L2224/83191 , H01L2224/8385 , H01L2224/85181 , H01L2224/92 , H01L2224/97 , H01L2225/0651 , H01L2225/06562 , H01L2924/0001 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/01005 , H01L2924/01006 , H01L2924/01012 , H01L2924/01013 , H01L2924/01014 , H01L2924/01029 , H01L2924/01033 , H01L2924/01038 , H01L2924/01047 , H01L2924/0105 , H01L2924/01051 , H01L2924/01079 , H01L2924/01082 , H01L2924/0132 , H01L2924/0133 , H01L2924/0134 , H01L2924/014 , H01L2924/0665 , H01L2924/07802 , H01L2924/14 , H01L2924/1433 , H01L2924/15311 , H01L2924/15738 , H01L2924/15747 , H01L2924/1576 , H01L2924/181 , H01L2924/30105 , H01L2924/3511 , H01L2224/85 , H01L2224/83 , H01L2224/92247 , H01L2924/00 , H01L2924/3512 , H01L2924/00012 , H01L2924/01028 , H01L2224/29099 , H01L2224/85399 , H01L2224/05599
摘要: 本发明可以使具有下述结构的半导体装置的可靠性提高,即,将平面尺寸不同的多个半导体芯片经由具有接着性的绝缘膜,以堆叠的状态收纳在相同密封体内。所述半导体装置1A具有如下结构,即,将平面尺寸不同的多个半导体芯片2M1、2M2、2C介隔以DAF5a~5c,以堆叠的状态收纳在相同密封体4内,且于所述半导体装置1A中,使形成有控制电路的最上方半导体芯片2C的背面DAF5c的厚度,大于形成有存储电路的下层半导体芯片2M1、2M2的背面DAF5a、DAF5b各自的厚度。由此,可减少用以连接最上方的半导体芯片2C和配线基板3的接合线与下层半导体芯片2M2的主面角部的接触不良情况。
-
公开(公告)号:CN1251942A
公开(公告)日:2000-05-03
申请号:CN99121628.8
申请日:1999-10-09
申请人: 松下电器产业株式会社
CPC分类号: H01L24/85 , H01L23/057 , H01L23/13 , H01L23/16 , H01L24/32 , H01L24/48 , H01L24/49 , H01L24/83 , H01L2223/6644 , H01L2224/29111 , H01L2224/32245 , H01L2224/48091 , H01L2224/48137 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/48247 , H01L2224/49175 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2224/83101 , H01L2224/8319 , H01L2224/83801 , H01L2224/85 , H01L2224/92247 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/01005 , H01L2924/01006 , H01L2924/01029 , H01L2924/01047 , H01L2924/0105 , H01L2924/01079 , H01L2924/0132 , H01L2924/014 , H01L2924/15747 , H01L2924/15787 , H01L2924/3011 , H01L2924/30111 , H01L2224/78 , H01L2924/00 , H01L2224/45099 , H01L2224/05599
摘要: 本发明为一种半导体封装、使用该封装的半导体器件及其制造方法。在由铜形成的散热板11上,固定有由陶瓷材料构成的方形的外框部件12。在外框部件12的一边上和面对该一边的另一边上,分别接有可穿过该外框部件12且与散热板11绝缘的输入引线13和输出引线14。在散热板11上的外框部件12的内侧,固定有由金属或者石墨形成的定位板15,它具有能靠着其内壁来限定半导体芯片21或者电路基片22的侧面位置的多个开口部15a。
-
公开(公告)号:CN108735614A
公开(公告)日:2018-11-02
申请号:CN201810343019.4
申请日:2018-04-17
申请人: 三菱电机株式会社
CPC分类号: H01L23/562 , H01L21/4817 , H01L21/4875 , H01L21/52 , H01L23/045 , H01L23/10 , H01L24/40 , H01L24/48 , H01L2224/40245 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2924/10253 , H01L2924/10254 , H01L2924/10272 , H01L2924/1033 , H01L2924/1203 , H01L2924/13055 , H01L2924/351
摘要: 本发明涉及半导体装置以及半导体装置的制造方法,其目的在于得到能够长寿命化以及小型化的半导体装置以及半导体装置的制造方法。本发明涉及的半导体装置具有:基板,其在上表面具有金属图案;半导体芯片,其设置于该金属图案之上;平板状的背面电极端子,其通过导线与该金属图案连接;平板状的表面电极端子,其在该背面电极端子的上方与该背面电极端子平行,延伸至该半导体芯片的正上方,与该半导体芯片的上表面直接接合;壳体,其将该基板包围;以及封装材料,其对该壳体的内部进行封装。
-
公开(公告)号:CN108122898A
公开(公告)日:2018-06-05
申请号:CN201711227715.0
申请日:2017-11-29
申请人: 英飞凌科技奥地利有限公司
IPC分类号: H01L25/07 , H01L23/495
CPC分类号: H01L23/49562 , H01L23/3121 , H01L23/4952 , H01L23/49537 , H01L23/49548 , H01L23/49555 , H01L23/49558 , H01L23/49575 , H01L24/48 , H01L24/49 , H01L29/2003 , H01L2224/48091 , H01L2224/48137 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/49111 , H01L2224/49112 , H01L2224/49171 , H01L2224/49175
摘要: 本申请涉及包括双向开关的半导体器件。形成双向开关的半导体器件可以包括载体、布置在载体上的第一半导体元件和第二半导体元件、沿载体的第一侧面布置的第一行端子和沿与第一侧面相对的载体的第二侧面布置的第二行端子,以及包装第一和第二半导体元件的包装体,其中每一行端子包括双向开关的栅极端子、感测端子和至少一个功率端子。
-
公开(公告)号:CN102082128B
公开(公告)日:2015-09-09
申请号:CN201010537411.6
申请日:2010-11-04
申请人: 新科金朋有限公司
IPC分类号: H01L21/98 , H01L21/56 , H01L21/58 , H01L25/065 , H01L23/31
CPC分类号: H01L24/82 , H01L21/6835 , H01L23/3107 , H01L23/3121 , H01L23/3128 , H01L23/3672 , H01L23/481 , H01L23/49816 , H01L23/49827 , H01L23/5226 , H01L23/5389 , H01L23/552 , H01L24/05 , H01L24/13 , H01L24/16 , H01L24/29 , H01L24/48 , H01L24/73 , H01L24/81 , H01L24/95 , H01L24/96 , H01L24/97 , H01L25/0657 , H01L25/105 , H01L25/50 , H01L2221/68331 , H01L2221/68363 , H01L2221/68381 , H01L2221/68386 , H01L2224/0401 , H01L2224/04042 , H01L2224/05611 , H01L2224/05624 , H01L2224/05639 , H01L2224/05644 , H01L2224/05647 , H01L2224/05655 , H01L2224/131 , H01L2224/13111 , H01L2224/16225 , H01L2224/29 , H01L2224/29101 , H01L2224/29144 , H01L2224/29187 , H01L2224/2919 , H01L2224/29298 , H01L2224/48105 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/48227 , H01L2224/48228 , H01L2224/73253 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2224/81005 , H01L2224/81191 , H01L2224/81192 , H01L2224/81815 , H01L2224/95001 , H01L2224/96 , H01L2224/97 , H01L2225/06548 , H01L2225/06572 , H01L2225/1023 , H01L2225/1058 , H01L2924/00013 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/01004 , H01L2924/01005 , H01L2924/01006 , H01L2924/01013 , H01L2924/01029 , H01L2924/0103 , H01L2924/01032 , H01L2924/01033 , H01L2924/01047 , H01L2924/01049 , H01L2924/0105 , H01L2924/01073 , H01L2924/01074 , H01L2924/01078 , H01L2924/01079 , H01L2924/01082 , H01L2924/01322 , H01L2924/014 , H01L2924/0665 , H01L2924/09701 , H01L2924/10329 , H01L2924/12041 , H01L2924/12042 , H01L2924/1306 , H01L2924/13091 , H01L2924/14 , H01L2924/15311 , H01L2924/15321 , H01L2924/15331 , H01L2924/181 , H01L2924/3025 , H05K3/0052 , H05K3/007 , H05K3/0097 , H01L2924/01014 , H01L2924/05432 , H01L2924/054 , H01L2924/0542 , H01L2924/00 , H01L2924/3512 , H01L2224/81 , H01L2224/29099 , H01L2224/29199 , H01L2224/29299 , H01L2224/2929 , H01L2924/00012 , H01L2224/45099 , H01L2224/45015 , H01L2924/207
摘要: 半导体封装和半导体管芯安装到TSV衬底相对侧的方法。半导体封装具有被形成为通过衬底的第一导电通路。具有第一导电通路的衬底被安装到第一载体。第一半导体管芯被安装到衬底的第一表面。第一密封剂被沉积在第一半导体管芯和第一载体上。第一载体被除去。具有第一密封剂的第一管芯和衬底被安装到第二载体。第二半导体管芯被安装到与衬底的第一表面相对的该衬底的第二表面。第二密封剂被沉积到第二管芯上。第二载体被除去。凸块被形成在衬底的第二表面上。导电层可以被安装到第一管芯上。第二导电通路可以被形成为通过第一密封剂并电连接到第一导电通路。该半导体封装是可堆叠的。
-
公开(公告)号:CN102347272B
公开(公告)日:2015-06-17
申请号:CN201110264951.6
申请日:2011-07-26
申请人: 新科金朋有限公司
IPC分类号: H01L21/768 , H01L23/00 , H01L23/528
CPC分类号: H01L21/486 , H01L21/4857 , H01L21/561 , H01L23/3107 , H01L23/3114 , H01L23/3128 , H01L23/48 , H01L23/525 , H01L24/05 , H01L24/06 , H01L24/11 , H01L24/13 , H01L24/16 , H01L24/29 , H01L24/32 , H01L2224/0231 , H01L2224/02311 , H01L2224/02313 , H01L2224/02317 , H01L2224/0235 , H01L2224/02379 , H01L2224/0239 , H01L2224/024 , H01L2224/0401 , H01L2224/04042 , H01L2224/05548 , H01L2224/05552 , H01L2224/05553 , H01L2224/05611 , H01L2224/05624 , H01L2224/05639 , H01L2224/05644 , H01L2224/05647 , H01L2224/05655 , H01L2224/06131 , H01L2224/1132 , H01L2224/11334 , H01L2224/1134 , H01L2224/1145 , H01L2224/11462 , H01L2224/11464 , H01L2224/11849 , H01L2224/11901 , H01L2224/131 , H01L2224/13111 , H01L2224/13113 , H01L2224/13116 , H01L2224/13124 , H01L2224/13139 , H01L2224/13144 , H01L2224/13147 , H01L2224/13155 , H01L2224/16225 , H01L2224/29144 , H01L2224/2919 , H01L2224/48091 , H01L2224/48105 , H01L2224/48175 , H01L2224/48227 , H01L2224/48228 , H01L2224/73265 , H01L2924/00 , H01L2924/01006 , H01L2924/01013 , H01L2924/01029 , H01L2924/01047 , H01L2924/01049 , H01L2924/0105 , H01L2924/01073 , H01L2924/01079 , H01L2924/01082 , H01L2924/01322 , H01L2924/014 , H01L2924/12041 , H01L2924/12042 , H01L2924/1306 , H01L2924/13091 , H01L2924/14 , H01L2924/181 , H01L2924/381 , H05K2201/09854 , H01L2924/01014 , H01L2924/0665 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2924/00012
摘要: 本发明涉及一种形成RDL的方法和半导体器件。一种半导体器件具有半导体管芯和形成在该半导体管芯表面上的第一导电层。第一绝缘层形成在半导体管芯的该表面上。第二绝缘层形成在第一绝缘层和第一导电层上。开口形成在第一绝缘层上的第二绝缘层中。第二导电层形成在第一导电层和第二绝缘层上的开口中。沿着第一轴,第二导电层具有小于第一导电层的宽度的宽度。沿着与第一轴垂直的第二轴,第二导电层具有大于第一导电层的宽度的宽度。第三绝缘层形成在第二导电层和第一绝缘层上。
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-