摘要:
Solid membranes comprising an intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically-conductive material and an oxygen ion-conductive material and/or a mixed metal oxide of a perovskite structure are described. Electrochemical reactor components, such as reactor cells, and electrochemical reactors are also described for transporting oxygen from any oxygen-containing gas to any gas or mixture of gases that consume oxygen. The reactor cells generally comprise first and second zones separated by an element having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces. The element may further comprise (1) a porous substrate, (2) an electron-conductive metal, metal oxide or mixture thereof and/or (3) a catalyst. The reactor cell may further comprise a catalyst in the zone which comprises a passageway from an entrance end to an exit end of the element. Processes described which may be conducted with the disclosed reactor cells and reactors include, for example, the partial oxidation of methane to produce unsaturated compounds or synthesis gas, the partial oxidation of ethanes substitution of aromatic compounds, extraction of oxygen from oxygen-containing gases, including oxidized gases, ammoxidation of methane, etc. The extraction of oxygen from oxidized gases may be used for flue or exhaust gas cleanup.
摘要:
Metal oxides particularly useful for the manufacture of catalytic membranes for gas-phase oxygen separation processes having the formula: AxA′x′A″2-(x+x′)ByFey′B″2-(y+y′)O5+z where: x and x′ are greater than 0; y and y′ are greater than 0; x+x′ is equal to 2; y+y′ is less than or equal to 2; z is a number that makes the metal oxide charge neutral; A is an element selected from the lanthanide elements; A′ is an element selected from Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra; A″ is an element selected from the f block lanthanides, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra; B is an element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In or mixtures thereof and B″ is Co or Mg, with the exception that when B″ is Mg, A′ and A″ are not Mg. The metal oxides are useful for preparation of dense membranes which may be formed from dense thin films of the mixed metal oxide on a porous metal oxide element. The invention also provides methods and catalytic reactors for oxygen separation and oxygen enrichment of oxygen deficient gases which employ mixed conducting metal oxides of the above formula.
摘要翻译:特别适用于制备气相氧分离方法催化膜的金属氧化物,具有下式:其中:x和x'大于0; y和y'大于0; x + x'等于2; y + y'小于或等于2; z是使金属氧化物电荷中性的数字; A是选自镧系元素的元素; A'是选自Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba和Ra的元素; A“是从f嵌段镧系元素Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba和Ra中选出的元素; B是选自Al,Ga,In或其混合物中的元素,B“是Co或Mg,但是当B”是Mg时,A'和A“不是Mg。 金属氧化物可用于制备可由多孔金属氧化物元件上的混合金属氧化物的致密薄膜形成的致密膜。 本发明还提供了使用上述式的混合导电金属氧化物的氧气分离和缺氧气体的富氧的方法和催化反应器。
摘要:
Electrochemical processes using solid gas-impervious membranes are disclosed for gas cleanup by (A) providing an electrochemical cell comprising first and second zones separated by a solid gas-impervious membrane comprising a mixed metal oxide material of a perovskite structure having electron conductivity and oxygen ion conductivity, (B) passing a gas containing N2O, NO, NO2, SO2, SO3, or a mixture thereof, in contact with the membrane in the first zone, and (C) passing a gas capable of reacting with oxygen in contact with the membrane in the second zone. More particularly, the mixed metal oxide material of a perovskite structure comprises a combination of elements selected from the group consisting of lanthanides, alkaline earth metals, Y, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, and Nb, oxides thereof, and mixtures of these metals and metal oxides. Advantageously a catalyst is present in the first zone.
摘要:
This invention relates to gas-impermeable, solid state materials fabricated into membranes for use in catalytic membrane reactors. This invention particularly relates to solid state oxygen anion- and electron-mediating membranes for use in catalytic membrane reactors for promoting partial or full oxidation of different chemical species, for decomposition of oxygen-containing species, and for separation of oxygen from other gases. Solid state materials for use in the membranes of this invention include mixed metal oxide compounds having the brownmillerite crystal structure.
摘要:
Solid membranes comprising an intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically-conductive material and an oxygen ion-conductive material and/or a mixed metal oxide of a perovskite structure are described. Electrochemical reactor components, such as reactor cells, and electrochemical reactors are also described for transporting oxygen from any oxygen-containing gas to any gas or mixture of gases that consume oxygen. The reactor cells generally comprise first and second zones separated by an element having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces. The element may further comprise (1) a porous substrate, (2) an electron-conductive metal, metal oxide or mixture thereof and/or (3) a catalyst. The reactor cell may further comprise a catalyst in the zone which comprises a passageway from an entrance end to an exit end of the element. Processes described which may be conducted with the disclosed reactor cells and reactors include, for example, the partial oxidation of methane to produce unsaturated compounds or synthesis gas, the partial oxidation of ethane, substitution of aromatic compounds, extraction of oxygen from oxygen-containing gases, including oxidized gases, ammoxidation of methane, etc. The extraction of oxygen from oxidized gases may be used for flue or exhaust gas cleanup.
摘要:
The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a solid electrolyte which conducts O.sup.2- anions in contact with an anode and a cathode of identical or different composition, the solid electrolyte being comprised of a composition derived from Bi.sub.4 V.sub.2 O.sub.11 of which at least one of the constituent cationic elements is substituted by at least one substituting element such that the gamma phase structural type of Bi.sub.4 V.sub.2 O.sub.11 is maintained as well as the equilibrium of charges, at least one of the anode or of the cathode is a material containing at least one element of substitution of said composition derived from Bi.sub.4 V.sub.2 O.sub.11, that element being in a metallic or cationic state. The invention equally relates to the use of the electrochemical cell with a view towards the separation or extraction of oxygen.
摘要:
This invention discloses cross-flow electrochemical reactor cells containing oxygen permeable materials which have both electron conductivity and oxygen ion conductivity, cross-flow reactors, and electrochemical processes using cross-flow reactor cells having oxygen permeable monolithic cores to control and facilitate transport of oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas stream to oxidation reactions of organic compounds in another gas stream. These cross-flow electrochemical reactors comprise a hollow ceramic blade positioned across a gas stream flow or a stack of crossed hollow ceramic blades containing a channel or channels for flow of gas streams. Each channel has at least one channel wall disposed between a channel and a portion of an outer surface of the ceramic blade, or a common wall with adjacent blades in a stack comprising a gas-impervious mixed metal oxide material of a perovskite structure having electron conductivity and oxygen ion conductivity. The invention includes reactors comprising first and second zones seprated by gas-impervious mixed metal oxide material material having electron conductivity and oxygen ion conductivity. Prefered gas-impervious materials comprise at least one mixed metal oxide having a perovskite structure or perovskite-like structure. The invention includes, also, oxidation processes controlled by using these electrochemical reactors, and these reactions do not require an external source of electrical potential or any external electric circuit for oxidation to proceed.
摘要:
Regenerative process for the purification of a non-reacting industrial gas stream by removal of trace amounts of carbon dioxide therefrom, comprising contacting said gas stream with non-aqueous liquid solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of: (a) hydroxides and weak acid salts of sodium, potassium, and lithium and (b) specific liquid aliphatic polyhydric alcohol; separating the purified industrial gas from the reaction products of said contacting step including said solution; increasing said reaction products stream to an elevated temperature up to 200.degree. C.; reducing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the vapor phase above said reaction product stream; separating carbon dioxide from said reaction product stream; and recycling the treated reaction product stream to said liquid body of said solution for contacting a further quantity of said industrial gas stream.
摘要:
A method for producing natural gas is provided. a gas dynamic laser is powered by a gas, such as carbon dioxide, while the same gas is converted by a catalytic converter heated by the beam of the laser. Other gases can be formed simultaneously in other catalytic converters heated by the laser beam. The resulting converted gases can be used to produce a fuel gas. Excess heat and/or by-products of the process can be used to produce electricity.
摘要:
Sulfur oxides are removed from an oxygen-containing acid gas in configurations and methods in which oxygen is removed from the acid gas using reducing gases at relatively high temperature. The so treated acid gas is then fed to a direct reduction reactor in which the sulfur species are converted to elemental sulfur. Contemplated configurations are particularly effective and economically attractive as they are generally not limited by reaction equilibrium as present in a Claus reaction and do not require solvent and solvent-associated equipment.