公开(公告)号：US08206597B2

公开(公告)日：2012-06-26

申请号：US13012797

申请日：2011-01-24

申请人： Barry L. Yang ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Junko M. Watson ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Sean P. Fitzgerald ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Bradley R. Johnson ,  Ravi Arora ,  David J. Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey J. Ramler ,  Yong Wang ,  Richard Long ,  Ya-Huei Chin

发明人： Barry L. Yang ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Junko M. Watson ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Sean P. Fitzgerald ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Bradley R. Johnson ,  Ravi Arora ,  David J. Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey J. Ramler ,  Yong Wang ,  Richard Long ,  Ya-Huei Chin

IPC分类号： B01D37/00 ,  B01D39/00 ,  B01J8/00

CPC分类号： C01B3/384 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00844 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00869 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  B01J2219/0236 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0811 ,  C23C8/10 ,  C23C16/12 ,  C23C16/56 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y10S585/92 ,  Y10S585/924

摘要： The invention describes microchannel apparatus and catalysts that contain a layer of a metal aluminide or are made in a process in which a metal aluminide layer is formed as an intermediate. Certain processing conditions have surprisingly been found to result in superior coatings. The invention includes chemical processes conducted through apparatus described in the specification. Other catalysts and catalyst synthesis techniques are also described.

摘要翻译： 本发明描述了包含金属铝化物层的微通道装置和催化剂，或者是在其中形成金属铝化物层作为中间体的方法制造的。 令人惊奇地发现某些加工条件导致优异的涂层。 本发明包括通过本说明书中描述的设备进行的化学过程。 还描述了其它催化剂和催化剂合成技术。

公开(公告)号：US20110182804A1

公开(公告)日：2011-07-28

申请号：US13012797

申请日：2011-01-24

申请人： Richard Long ,  Barry L. Yang ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Junko M. Watson ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Sean P. Fitzgerald ,  Bradley R. Johnson ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Ya-Huei Chin ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Ravi Arora ,  David J. Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey J. Ramler ,  Yong Wang

发明人： Richard Long ,  Barry L. Yang ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Junko M. Watson ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Sean P. Fitzgerald ,  Bradley R. Johnson ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Ya-Huei Chin ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Ravi Arora ,  David J. Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey J. Ramler ,  Yong Wang

IPC分类号： C23C16/40 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J37/02 ,  B01J37/08 ,  C01B3/26

CPC分类号： C01B3/384 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00844 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00869 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  B01J2219/0236 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0811 ,  C23C8/10 ,  C23C16/12 ,  C23C16/56 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y10S585/92 ,  Y10S585/924

摘要： The invention describes microchannel apparatus and catalysts that contain a layer of a metal aluminide or are made in a process in which a metal aluminide layer is formed as an intermediate. Certain processing conditions have surprisingly been found to result in superior coatings. The invention includes chemical processes conducted through apparatus described in the specification. Other catalysts and catalyst synthesis techniques are also described.

摘要翻译： 本发明描述了包含金属铝化物层的微通道装置和催化剂，或者是在其中形成金属铝化物层作为中间体的方法制造的。 令人惊奇地发现某些加工条件导致优异的涂层。 本发明包括通过本说明书中描述的设备进行的化学过程。 还描述了其它催化剂和催化剂合成技术。

公开(公告)号：US07874432B2

公开(公告)日：2011-01-25

申请号：US11088685

申请日：2005-03-23

申请人： Barry L. Yang ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Junko M. Watson ,  Terry Manzanec ,  Sean P. Fitzgerald ,  Bradley R. Johnson ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Ya-Huei Chin ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Ravi Arora ,  David J. Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey J. Ramler ,  Yong Wang ,  Richard Long

发明人： Barry L. Yang ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Junko M. Watson ,  Terry Manzanec ,  Sean P. Fitzgerald ,  Bradley R. Johnson ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Ya-Huei Chin ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Ravi Arora ,  David J. Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey J. Ramler ,  Yong Wang ,  Richard Long

IPC分类号： B01D8/02 ,  B01D39/00 ,  C07C7/20

CPC分类号： C01B3/384 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00844 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00869 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  B01J2219/0236 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0811 ,  C23C8/10 ,  C23C16/12 ,  C23C16/56 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y10S585/92 ,  Y10S585/924

摘要： The invention describes microchannel apparatus and catalysts that contain a layer of a metal aluminide or are made in a process in which a metal aluminide layer is formed as an intermediate. Certain processing conditions have surprisingly been found to result in superior coatings. The invention includes chemical processes conducted through apparatus described in the specification. Other catalysts and catalyst synthesis techniques are also described.

摘要翻译： 本发明描述了包含金属铝化物层的微通道装置和催化剂，或者是在其中形成金属铝化物层作为中间体的方法制造的。 令人惊奇地发现某些加工条件导致优异的涂层。 本发明包括通过本说明书中描述的设备进行的化学过程。 还描述了其它催化剂和催化剂合成技术。

公开(公告)号：US09023900B2

公开(公告)日：2015-05-05

申请号：US13397942

申请日：2012-02-16

申请人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael D. Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

发明人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael D. Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

IPC分类号： C10G2/00 ,  C07C1/04 ,  B01J19/00 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J38/48 ,  B01J23/94 ,  B01J37/02 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/83 ,  B01J23/889 ,  B01J23/89 ,  B01J35/00 ,  B01J35/04 ,  B01J35/10 ,  C10G45/58 ,  C10G47/00 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J38/58

CPC分类号： C10G2/332 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/83 ,  B01J23/8896 ,  B01J23/8913 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J23/894 ,  B01J23/8986 ,  B01J23/94 ,  B01J35/0066 ,  B01J35/04 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  B01J37/038 ,  B01J38/48 ,  B01J38/58 ,  B01J2219/00783 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00831 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00855 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  C10G2/331 ,  C10G2/334 ,  C10G2/34 ,  C10G2/341 ,  C10G21/00 ,  C10G45/58 ,  C10G47/00 ,  C10G2300/1022 ,  C10G2400/04 ,  C10G2400/10 ,  C10L1/08 ,  C10L2200/0492 ,  C10L2270/026 ,  C10L2290/42 ,  C10L2290/544 ,  C10M105/04 ,  Y02P20/582

摘要： Disclosed is a process for converting a reactant composition comprising H2 and CO to a product comprising at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising: flowing the reactant composition through a microchannel reactor in contact with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to convert the reactant composition to the product, the microchannel reactor comprising a plurality of process microchannels containing the catalyst; transferring heat from the process microchannels to a heat exchanger; and removing the product from the microchannel reactor; the process producing at least about 0.5 gram of aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms per gram of catalyst per hour; the selectivity to methane in the product being less than about 25%. Also disclosed is a supported catalyst comprising Co, and a microchannel reactor comprising at least one process microchannel and at least one adjacent heat exchange zone.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种将包含H 2和CO的反应物组合物转化为包含至少一种具有至少约5个碳原子的脂族烃的产物的方法，该方法包括：使反应物组合物流过与费 - 托催化剂接触的微通道反应器 将反应物组合物转化成产物，微通道反应器包含多个含有催化剂的工艺微通道; 将热量从工艺微通道传递到热交换器; 并从微通道反应器中除去产物; 该方法每小时产生至少约0.5克具有至少约5个碳原子的每克催化剂的脂族烃; 产品中甲烷的选择性小于约25％。 还公开了包含Co的载体催化剂和包含至少一个工艺微通道和至少一个相邻的热交换区的微通道反应器。

公开(公告)号：US20130217793A1

公开(公告)日：2013-08-22

申请号：US13397942

申请日：2012-02-16

申请人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael D. Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

发明人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Lee Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis P. Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael D. Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

IPC分类号： C07C1/04 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J21/04

CPC分类号： C10G2/332 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/83 ,  B01J23/8896 ,  B01J23/8913 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J23/894 ,  B01J23/8986 ,  B01J23/94 ,  B01J35/0066 ,  B01J35/04 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  B01J37/038 ,  B01J38/48 ,  B01J38/58 ,  B01J2219/00783 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00831 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00855 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  C10G2/331 ,  C10G2/334 ,  C10G2/34 ,  C10G2/341 ,  C10G21/00 ,  C10G45/58 ,  C10G47/00 ,  C10G2300/1022 ,  C10G2400/04 ,  C10G2400/10 ,  C10L1/08 ,  C10L2200/0492 ,  C10L2270/026 ,  C10L2290/42 ,  C10L2290/544 ,  C10M105/04 ,  Y02P20/582

摘要： The disclosed invention relates to a process for converting a reactant composition comprising H2 and CO to a product comprising at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising: flowing the reactant composition through a microchannel reactor in contact with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to convert the reactant composition to the product, the microchannel reactor comprising a plurality of process microchannels containing the catalyst; transferring heat from the process microchannels to a heat exchanger; and removing the product from the microchannel reactor; the process producing at least about 0.5 gram of aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms per gram of catalyst per hour; the selectivity to methane in the product being less than about 25%. The disclosed invention also relates to a supported catalyst comprising Co, and a microchannel reactor comprising at least one process microchannel and at least one adjacent heat exchange zone.

公开(公告)号：US20050271563A1

公开(公告)日：2005-12-08

申请号：US11088685

申请日：2005-03-23

申请人： Barry Yang ,  Francis Daly ,  Junko Watson ,  Terry Manzanec ,  Sean Fitzgerald ,  Bradley Johnson ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Ya-Huei Chin ,  Anna Tonkovich ,  Ravi Arora ,  David Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey Ramler ,  Yong Wang

发明人： Barry Yang ,  Francis Daly ,  Junko Watson ,  Terry Manzanec ,  Sean Fitzgerald ,  Bradley Johnson ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Ya-Huei Chin ,  Anna Tonkovich ,  Ravi Arora ,  David Hesse ,  Dongming Qiu ,  Rachid Taha ,  Jeffrey Ramler ,  Yong Wang

IPC分类号： B01J10/00 ,  B01J19/00 ,  C01B3/38 ,  C23C8/10 ,  C23C16/00 ,  C23C16/12 ,  C23C16/56 ,  H01M8/12

CPC分类号： C01B3/384 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00844 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00869 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  B01J2219/0236 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0811 ,  C23C8/10 ,  C23C16/12 ,  C23C16/56 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y10S585/92 ,  Y10S585/924

摘要： The invention describes microchannel apparatus and catalysts that contain a layer of a metal aluminide or are made in a process in which a metal aluminide layer is formed as an intermediate. Certain processing conditions have surprisingly been found to result in superior coatings. The invention includes chemical processes conducted through apparatus described in the specification. Other catalysts and catalyst synthesis techniques are also described.

摘要翻译： 本发明描述了包含金属铝化物层的微通道装置和催化剂，或者是在其中形成金属铝化物层作为中间体的方法制造的。 令人惊奇地发现某些加工条件导致优异的涂层。 本发明包括通过本说明书中描述的设备进行的化学过程。 还描述了其它催化剂和催化剂合成技术。

公开(公告)号：US20050165121A1

公开(公告)日：2005-07-28

申请号：US10766297

申请日：2004-01-28

申请人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

发明人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

IPC分类号： B01J19/00 ,  B01J19/24 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J23/889 ,  B01J23/89 ,  B01J35/10 ,  B01J37/02 ,  C10G2/00 ,  C07C27/26

CPC分类号： C10G2/332 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J23/8896 ,  B01J23/8913 ,  B01J35/0066 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  B01J2219/00783 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00826 ,  B01J2219/00831 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00844 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  C10G2/341 ,  C10G2300/301 ,  C10G2300/4018 ,  C10G2300/4025 ,  C10G2300/70 ,  C10G2400/04 ,  C10G2400/10 ,  Y02P20/582

摘要： The disclosed invention relates to a process for converting a reactant composition comprising H2 and CO to a product comprising at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising: flowing the reactant composition through a microchannel reactor in contact with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to convert the reactant composition to the product, the microchannel reactor comprising a plurality of process microchannels containing the catalyst; transferring heat from the process microchannels to a heat exchanger; and removing the product from the microchannel reactor; the process producing at least about 0.5 gram of aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms per gram of catalyst per hour; the selectivity to methane in the product being less than about 25%. The disclosed invention also relates to a supported catalyst comprising Co, and a microchannel reactor comprising at least one process microchannel and at least one adjacent heat exchange zone.

摘要翻译： 所公开的发明涉及将包含H 2 CO和CO的反应物组合物转化成包含至少一种具有至少约5个碳原子的脂族烃的产物的方法，该方法包括：使反应物组合物通过 与费 - 托催化剂接触以将反应物组合物转化成产物的微通道反应器，该微通道反应器包含多个含有该催化剂的工艺微通道; 将热量从工艺微通道传递到热交换器; 并从微通道反应器中除去产物; 该方法每小时产生至少约0.5克具有至少约5个碳原子的每克催化剂的脂族烃; 产品中甲烷的选择性小于约25％。 所公开的发明还涉及包含Co的载体催化剂和包含至少一个工艺微通道和至少一个相邻的热交换区的微通道反应器。

公开(公告)号：US20060251552A1

公开(公告)日：2006-11-09

申请号：US11484069

申请日：2006-07-11

申请人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

发明人： Yong Wang ,  Anna Tonkovich ,  Terry Mazanec ,  Francis Daly ,  Dave VanderWiel ,  Jianli Hu ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Charles Kibby ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Michael Briscoe ,  Nathan Gano ,  Ya-Huei Chin

IPC分类号： B01J8/04 ,  C07C27/06

CPC分类号： C10G2/332 ,  B01J19/0093 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J23/8896 ,  B01J23/8913 ,  B01J35/0066 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  B01J2219/00783 ,  B01J2219/00822 ,  B01J2219/00824 ,  B01J2219/00826 ,  B01J2219/00831 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/00844 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  B01J2219/00873 ,  C10G2/341 ,  C10G2300/301 ,  C10G2300/4018 ,  C10G2300/4025 ,  C10G2300/70 ,  C10G2400/04 ,  C10G2400/10 ,  Y02P20/582

摘要： The disclosed invention relates to a process for converting a reactant composition comprising H2 and CO to a product comprising at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms, the process comprising: flowing the reactant composition through a microchannel reactor in contact with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to convert the reactant composition to the product, the microchannel reactor comprising a plurality of process microchannels containing the catalyst; transferring heat from the process microchannels to a heat exchanger; and removing the product from the microchannel reactor; the process producing at least about 0.5 gram of aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms per gram of catalyst per hour; the selectivity to methane in the product being less than about 25%. The disclosed invention also relates to a supported catalyst comprising Co, and a microchannel reactor comprising at least one process microchannel and at least one adjacent heat exchange zone.

摘要翻译： 所公开的发明涉及将包含H 2 CO和CO的反应物组合物转化成包含至少一种具有至少约5个碳原子的脂族烃的产物的方法，该方法包括：使反应物组合物通过 与费 - 托催化剂接触以将反应物组合物转化成产物的微通道反应器，该微通道反应器包含多个含有该催化剂的工艺微通道; 将热量从工艺微通道传递到热交换器; 并从微通道反应器中除去产物; 该方法每小时产生至少约0.5克具有至少约5个碳原子的每克催化剂的脂族烃; 产品中甲烷的选择性小于约25％。 所公开的发明还涉及包含Co的载体催化剂和包含至少一个工艺微通道和至少一个相邻的热交换区的微通道反应器。

公开(公告)号：US20050203195A1

公开(公告)日：2005-09-15

申请号：US10911976

申请日：2004-08-04

申请人： Yong Wang ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Douglas Elliott

发明人： Yong Wang ,  Chunshe Cao ,  Xiaohong Li ,  Douglas Elliott

IPC分类号： C07C27/06 ,  C07C27/26

CPC分类号： B01J19/0093 ,  B01J2219/00835 ,  B01J2219/0086 ,  C10G2/332 ,  C10G2/333 ,  Y02P20/142

摘要： Novel methods of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are described. It has been discovered that conducting the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over a catalyst with a catalytically active surface layer of 35 microns or less results in a liquid hydrocarbon product with a high ratio of C5-C20:C20+. Descriptions of novel Fischer-Tropsch catalysts and reactors are also provided. Novel hydrocarbon compositions with a high ratio of C5-C20:C20+ are also described.

摘要翻译： 描述了费 - 托合成的新方法。 已经发现，在具有35微米或更小的催化活性表面层的催化剂上进行费 - 托合成导致具有高比率C 5 -C 3 - 20 ：C 20 + +。 还提供了新型费 - 托催化剂和反应器的描述。 还描述了具有高比例的C 5 -C 20 -C 20 O +的新型烃组合物。

公开(公告)号：US08384573B2

公开(公告)日：2013-02-26

申请号：US12122368

申请日：2008-05-16

申请人： Xiaohong Li ,  Shouli Yan ,  Zhiheng Cao

发明人： Xiaohong Li ,  Shouli Yan ,  Zhiheng Cao

IPC分类号： H03M3/00

CPC分类号： H03M3/504 ,  H03F3/2175

摘要： A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with a digital segment having a digital data input and an analog segment coupled to the digital segment and having an analog output to output an analog signal corresponding to the digital data. The analog segment includes one or more gain stages and a feedback structure to couple the analog output to the one or more gain stages to attenuate signal distortion at the analog output. A combined gain of the one or more gain stages determines a signal distortion attenuation characteristic of the analog segment.

摘要翻译： 具有数字分段的数模转换器（DAC）具有数字数据输入和耦合到数字段的模拟分段并且具有模拟输出以输出对应于数字数据的模拟信号。 模拟段包括一个或多个增益级和用于将模拟输出耦合到一个或多个增益级的反馈结构，以衰减模拟输出处的信号失真。 一个或多个增益级的组合增益确定模拟段的信号失真衰减特性。