Abstract:
An optical inspection system for patterned semiconductor wafers generates a dark field image of the wafer by applying a collimated beam of monochrome light at an incident angle with respect to the surface of the wafer of between 8.degree. and a maximum angle defined by the numerical aperture of the imaging system and collecting the light which is scattered at angles approximately normal to the surface of the wafer and within the numerical aperture of the imaging system. In addition, the incident light is at an angle of 45.degree. in the surface plane of the wafer with respect to the rectangular lines which predominate in the pattern. Before forming the dark field image, the collected light is passed through a Fourier transform filter which substantially attenuates spatial frequency components corresponding to the pattern. In the resultant dark field image, defects in the pattern and contaminating particles are accentuated relative to the pattern features.
Abstract:
A heterodyne interferometer is combined with darkfield surface particle detection for improved surface particle detection sensitivity. The probe beam and the reference beam have different wavelengths. The reference beam may either be a real reference beam or a virtual reference beam. The probe beam may be incident at the surface at either a grazing angle or at an angle substantially normal to the surface. The real reference beam is incident at the surface at a grazing angle. The detection may either be conventional heterodyne detection or a combination of heterodyne and Lloyd's mirror detection.
Abstract:
Apparatus and a method for performing high resolution optical imaging in the near infrared of internal features of semiconductor wafers uses an optical device made from a material having a high index of refraction and held in very close proximity to the wafer. The optical device may either be a prism or a plano-convex lens. The plano-convex lens may be held in contact with the wafer or separated from the wafer via an air bearing or an optical coupling fluid to allow the sample to be navigated beneath the lens. The lens may be used in a number of optical instruments such as a bright field microscope, a Schlieren microscope, a dark field microscope, a Linnik interferometer, a Raman spectroscope and an absorption spectroscope.
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for automatic inspection of periodic patterns typically found on patterned silicon wafers, printed circuit board, and the like is disclosed herein. The method comprises an inspection algorithm of two parts: a low-level algorithm and a higher level algorithm which includes, therein the operation of the low-level algorithm. The low-level algorithm utilizes the known periodicity of the pattern to find defects by comparing identical cells in the periodic array. The high-level algorithm comprises applying the low-level algorithm, some number of times (N) in succession on the image. An accumulator image is formed by adding the results of the low-level algorithm to create a separate image array where the pixels relate to the number of times that the pixel in the original image was detected as defective by the low-level algorithm.The apparatus for implementing the above method comprises a parallel/pipeline architecture for high speed processing and RAM LUT's to implement a plurality of subtract and compare functions.
Abstract:
A method of making a three dimensional object by depositing material in a predetermined pattern on a receiving surface, and introducing a predetermined porosity into the object being formed by positioning the deposited material so as to introduce pockets of air or other fluid into the part, and by adjusting the rate at which the material is dispensed from the dispenser. Optimal porosities in the object to be built depend upon the shape of the material when it is dispensed, but range generally from 1% to 26%.
Abstract:
Ionization of air without the use of corona discharge tips, thereby to avoid the generation of particulates from corrosion of the corona tips, is accomplished by use of a laser beam focussed to a small focal volume of intense electric field adjacent a semiconductor chip. The electric field is sufficiently intense to ionize air. In the manufacture of a semiconductor circuit chip, during those steps which are conducted in an air environment, opportunity exists to remove from a surface of a chip, or wafer, charge acquired during the manufacturing process. The ionized air is passed along the chip surface. Ions in the air discharge local regions of the chip surface which have become charged by steps of a manufacturing process. By way of further embodiment of the invention, the ionization may be produced by injection of molecules of water into the air, which molecules are subsequently ionized by a laser beam and directed toward the chip via a light shield with the aid of a magnetic field.
Abstract:
A particle detector that determines the presence of particles in an enclosed volume includes a laser that directs an optical beam to a beam splitter that produces first and second beams. An optical system directs the first beam into the enclosed volume. A detector is positioned adjacent the volume in order to receive back scattered optical energy arising from a particle in the volume encountering the first beam. The back scattered optical energy and the second beam are optically combined so as to overlap in a region and in the overlap region the back scattered optical energy and second beam are in the same state of focus, of the same polarization and are substantially parallel. A detector located at the overlap region produces an electrical signal indicative of the intensity of the back scattered light. A signal processor analyzes the electrical signal to determine the presence of the particle.
Abstract:
A system and procedure for the inspection of the surface of a semiconductor wafer ascertains that particulate contaminants have been adequately cleaned from the surface during the manufacture of integrated electric circuits. The wafer is advanced in a first direction and is optically scanned in a second direction, transverse to the first direction, for recording intensities of light reflected normally from the wafer surface as a function of location on the scan line. A high intensity reflection is indicative of a smooth flat surface suitable for inspection of particles by an integrating hemisphere with plural photodetectors therein. A weak reflection is indicative of undulations and patterned regions which are unfavorable for examination of particles on the wafer surface. A second scan is offset sideways to compensate for motion of the wafer so as to rescan the same line as the first scan. The photodetectors in the integrating sphere are gated on and off during the second scan at the locations of suitable inspection sites determined from the first scan.
Abstract:
A volumetric feed control apparatus for a build material element such as a filament used in a three-dimensional modeling machine having an application tip includes a pair of feed rollers feeding the filament to the application tip, and a sensor or sensor system feeding information to a central processing unit that continuously computes the effective cross section of the filament using the signals received from the sensor or sensor system. The central processing unit controls the speed of a DC servo or stepper motor which in turn rotates the feed rollers to advance the filament toward the application tip of the modeling machine. The central processing unit adjusts the speed of the feed rollers to supply a constant flow rate of material to the application tip. Alternatively, the sensor system can be incorporated into the feed rollers, eliminating the need for further space constraints.
Abstract:
A method suitable for optimizing parameters characteristic of a preselected portion of an object developed in a rapid prototyping system. The method comprises the steps of identifying an object characteristic space comprising at least one dimension, the or each dimension defining a continuum for one object parameter; and, selecting a predetermined subset of said object characteristic space comprising desired optimal characteristics of the preselected portion of the object.