公开(公告)号：US20050115331A1

公开(公告)日：2005-06-02

申请号：US10981927

申请日：2004-11-05

申请人： Sergey Fonov ,  E. Jones ,  Jim Crafton

发明人： Sergey Fonov ,  E. Jones ,  Jim Crafton

IPC分类号： G01L20060101 ,  G01L1/24 ,  G01M9/06 ,  G01V1/28

CPC分类号： G01L1/24

摘要： A method of measuring a load on a surface produced by a contact force. An elastic film or coating is located on a supporting surface to provide an indication of normal and tangential or shear forces applied to the surface. A thickness measurement, corresponding to a normal displacement, and a tangential displacement of the film, corresponding to a shear displacement, is obtained and input to a response function to reconstruct the normal and shear load components of the contact force on the surface. A differential thickness measurement of the film is detected by an optical method in which a luminescent output from a luminophore in the film is measured. A luminescent output from a reference luminophore located below the film is also measured to provide a measurement system independent of the illumination source used to produce the luminescent output.

摘要翻译： 测量由接触力产生的表面上的载荷的方法。 弹性膜或涂层位于支撑表面上，以提供施加到表面的正常和切向或剪切力的指示。 获得与对应于剪切位移的薄膜对应于正常位移和切向位移的厚度测量值，并将其输入到响应函数中，以重建表面上的接触力的法向和剪切载荷分量。 通过光学方法检测膜的差分厚度测量，其中测量膜中发光体的发光输出。 还测量了位于膜下方的参考发光体的发光输出，以提供独立于用于产生发光输出的照明源的测量系统。

公开(公告)号：US20050098289A1

公开(公告)日：2005-05-12

申请号：US10957073

申请日：2004-10-01

申请人： Tatu Pitkanen ,  Topi Tynkkynen ,  Ilkka Rata ,  Heikki Seppa ,  Matti Innala ,  Petteri Lannes ,  Risto Kauhanen

发明人： Tatu Pitkanen ,  Topi Tynkkynen ,  Ilkka Rata ,  Heikki Seppa ,  Matti Innala ,  Petteri Lannes ,  Risto Kauhanen

IPC分类号： D21F3/06 ,  D21F11/00 ,  D21G1/00 ,  D21G9/00 ,  G01L20060101 ,  G01L5/00

CPC分类号： D21G9/0036 ,  B65H2553/822 ,  D21F3/06 ,  D21G1/004 ,  D21G9/0045

摘要： In a paper or paperboard machine measurements are conducted with at least one measurement means attached to an element in the paper or paperboard machine. The measurement means has two surfaces made of electrically conductive material and has insulating material between them. The change in the capacitance between the surfaces made of conductive material is measured.

摘要翻译： 在纸或纸板机器中，使用至少一个测量装置进行测量，该测量装置连接到纸或纸板机器中的元件。 测量装置具有由导电材料制成的两个表面，并且在它们之间具有绝缘材料。 测量由导电材料制成的表面之间的电容变化。

公开(公告)号：US6076549A

公开(公告)日：2000-06-20

申请号：US165406

申请日：1998-10-02

申请人： Amit Bahat ,  Dan Budescu

发明人： Amit Bahat ,  Dan Budescu

IPC分类号： F16K31/12 ,  G01L20060101 ,  G01L7/00

CPC分类号： F16K31/1221 ,  F16K31/1223 ,  F16K31/42 ,  Y10T137/7793 ,  Y10T137/7797 ,  Y10T137/7801

摘要： Pressure control device, characterized in that it comprises, in combination with valve means having an open and a closed position and urged to said closed position by a pressure thrust, elastic means opposing the closure of said valve means by exerting thereon an elastic counterthrust opposed to said pressure thrust, said means being normally in a condition of normal strain or stress wherein it creates a first level of elastic counterthrust such as to be overcome by said pressure thrust when it exceeds a first predetermined level; and means for bringing said elastic means to at least another condition of strain or stress, wherein it creates a second level of elastic counterthrust such as to be overcome by said pressure thrust when it exceeds a second predetermined level.

摘要翻译： 压力控制装置，其特征在于，其包括与具有打开和关闭位置的阀装置组合并且通过压力推力被推动到所述关闭位置，弹性装置通过施加与所述阀装置的闭合件相对的弹性反推力 所述压力推力，所述装置通常处于正常应变或应力的状态，其中它产生第一水平的弹性反作用力，以便当其超过第一预定水平时由所述压力推力克服; 以及用于使所述弹性装置处于应变或应力的至少另一种状态的装置，其中它产生第二级的弹性反推力，以便当其超过第二预定水平时被所述压力推力克服。

公开(公告)号：US6036282A

公开(公告)日：2000-03-14

申请号：US127157

申请日：1998-07-31

申请人： Bryan J. Clarke ,  Jeremy S. Waldrop

发明人： Bryan J. Clarke ,  Jeremy S. Waldrop

IPC分类号： B60T20060101 ,  B60T13/00 ,  G01L20060101 ,  G01L5/28

CPC分类号： B60T13/665 ,  B60T17/02 ,  B60T17/228

摘要： An electrical power generating system for a railcar to provide power for electrically driven accessories on the railcar which includes a generator driven by an air motor, wherein free air to the air motor is derived from air operating the braking system on the railcar, and particularly air that is exhausted to the atmosphere during braking operations.

摘要翻译： 一种用于轨道车辆的电力发电系统，用于为包括由气动马达驱动的发电机的轨道车上的电动附件提供动力，其中空气马达的空气来自于在轨道车上操作制动系统的空气，特别是空气 在制动操作期间耗尽到大气中。

公开(公告)号：US5595942A

公开(公告)日：1997-01-21

申请号：US417485

申请日：1995-04-05

申请人： Thomas Albrecht ,  Marco Tortonese ,  Robert Barrett

发明人： Thomas Albrecht ,  Marco Tortonese ,  Robert Barrett

IPC分类号： G01B7/16 ,  G01B20060101 ,  G01B7/34 ,  G01B21/30 ,  G01L20060101 ,  G01L1/18 ,  G01Q20/04 ,  G01Q60/38 ,  G01Q60/40 ,  G01Q70/02 ,  H01J37/28 ,  H01L21/34

CPC分类号： G01Q60/38 ,  B82Y35/00 ,  G01Q20/04 ,  Y10S977/851 ,  Y10S977/873

摘要： A microminiature cantilever structure is provided having a cantilever arm with a piezoresistive resistor embedded in at least the fixed end of the cantilever arm. Deflection of the free end of the cantilever arm produces stress in the base of the cantilever. That stress changes the piezoresistive resistor's resistance at the base of the cantilever in proportion to the cantilever arm's deflection. Resistance measuring apparatus is coupled to the piezoresistive resistor to measure its resistance and to generate a signal corresponding to the cantilever arm's deflection. The microminiature cantilever is formed on a semiconductor substrate. A portion of the free end of the cantilever arm is doped to form an electrically separate U-shaped piezoresistive resistor. The U-shaped resistor has two legs oriented parallel to an axis of the semiconductor substrate having a non-zero piezoresistive coefficient. A metal layer is deposited over the semiconductor's surface and patterned to form an electrical connection between the piezoresistive resistor and a resistance measuring circuit, enabling measurement of the piezoresistive resistor's resistance. Finally, the semiconductor substrate below the cantilever arm is substantially removed so as to form a cantilevered structure, and a tip is connected to the free end of the cantilever arm to facilitate the structure's use in an atomic force microscope.

摘要翻译： 提供了一种微型悬臂结构，其具有悬臂，其具有嵌入到悬臂的至少固定端的压阻电阻器。 悬臂的自由端的偏转在悬臂的底部产生应力。 该应力与悬臂的偏转成比例地改变了压阻电阻器在悬臂底部的电阻。 电阻测量装置耦合到压阻电阻器以测量其电阻并产生对应于悬臂的偏转的信号。 微型悬臂形成在半导体衬底上。 掺杂悬臂的自由端的一部分以形成电分离的U形压阻电阻器。 U形电阻器具有平行于具有非零压阻系数的半导体衬底的轴线定向的两个腿。 金属层沉积在半导体表面上并被图案化以在压阻电阻器和电阻测量电路之间形成电连接，使得能够测量压阻电阻器的电阻。 最后，基本上移除悬臂下面的半导体衬底以形成悬臂结构，并且尖端连接到悬臂的自由端，以便于结构在原子力显微镜中的使用。

公开(公告)号：US4415767A

公开(公告)日：1983-11-15

申请号：US312801

申请日：1981-10-19

申请人： Stephen P. Gill ,  Lawrence F. Wagner ,  Gregory G. Frye ,  Klaus-Peter A. Bantowsky

发明人： Stephen P. Gill ,  Lawrence F. Wagner ,  Gregory G. Frye ,  Klaus-Peter A. Bantowsky

IPC分类号： G01L20060101 ,  G01L1/08 ,  G01R23/16 ,  G06F3/16 ,  G10L11/00 ,  G10L15/02 ,  G10L19/00 ,  G10L19/02 ,  G11B20/10 ,  G10L1/00

CPC分类号： G10L15/02

摘要： Speech signal analysis for data reduction, as stored for synthesis or recognition, is improved by features including: digital spectral analysis; reduction of channel data and bit allocation by selective summation of groups of contiguous data; using the mean average of the log amplitude to find the deviation for each channel; also using the instaneous shape of the mean value for each channel for pairs of adjacent frames, all combined to find a feature ensemble for each pair of adjacent frames.

摘要翻译： 用于合成或识别存储的数据简化的语音信号分析通过以下特征得到改进，包括：数字光谱分析; 通过连续数据组的选择性求和来减少信道数据和比特分配; 使用对数幅度的平均值来找出每个通道的偏差; 还使用相邻帧对的每个信道的平均值的本体形状，所有这些组合以找到每对相邻帧的特征集合。