The invention discloses a spherical pair centering and one-dimensional calibration target for an automobile topography visual detection system and aims to solve the problem about centering rotation required by calibration of the one-dimensional calibration target for the automobile topography visual detection system. The spherical pair centering and one-dimensional calibration target for the automobile topography visual detection system mainly comprises a camera support (1), a camera (2), a spherical pair type target rod (3), conical targets (4) and a base (5), wherein the spherical pair type target rod (3) can rotate to any position around the center of a spherical surface pit of the base (5), the system acquires images of the conical targets (4) through the camera (2), and all parameters of the camera (2) are calibrated according to the images, acquired by the camera (2), of the conical targets (4) in multiple positions. The spherical pair centering and one-dimensional calibration target for the automobile topography visual detection system is simple in structure, high in detection accuracy, simple and convenient to operate, easy to mount, lower in cost and reliable in performance.