Abstract:
Some embodiments include apparatuses and methods of forming the apparatuses. One of the apparatuses includes first tiers located one over another, the first tiers including respective first memory cells and first control gates for the memory cells, the first memory cells located along respective first pillars, the first pillars extending through the first tiers; second tiers located one over another, the second tiers including respective second memory cells and second control gates for the memory cells, the second memory cells located along respective second pillars, the second pillars extending through the second tiers; and a dielectric structure formed in a slit between the first tiers and the second tiers, the dielectric structure including an edge along a length of the slit and adjacent the first tiers, wherein the edge has a repeating pattern of a shape.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to modified catalyst supports, to processes for making modified catalyst supports, and to chemical processes employing catalysts that comprise such modified catalyst supports. The modified catalyst support comprises a first metal, a second metal and a support modifier on a support, wherein the support modifier comprises a support modifier metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to catalysts, to processes for making catalysts and to chemical processes employing such catalysts. The catalysts are preferably used for converting acetic acid to ethanol. The catalyst comprises a precious metal and one or more active metals on a modified support. The modified support may comprise cobalt tungstate.
Abstract:
Systems, methods, and computer program products for editing and displaying cartographic data are described. Cartographic source data is retrieved from a first record set and at least one feature of the source data is displayed in a display device. Based on a user's selection of a feature in the display device, source data corresponding to the selected feature is selected. Based on the user's modification of the selected feature in the display device, cartographic edit data, representing the user's modification of the feature, is created. The cartographic edit data is associated with the cartographic source data for the feature and the associated cartographic edit data is stored within a second record set. The source data and edited data may also be displayed by retrieving the cartographic source data for a feature from the first record set and retrieving the cartographic edit data associated with the source data from the second record set. The source data for the feature is merged with the associated cartographic edit data for the feature to create an output record set for display on the display device.
Abstract:
Acetic acid is hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst comprising one or more active metals on a silica support, wherein the catalyst has a radial crush strength of at least 4 N/mm. The one or more active metals may include cobalt, copper, gold, iron, nickel, palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, tin, zinc, lanthanum, cerium, manganese, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and mixtures thereof. Radial crush strength may be improved by steam treating the catalyst support prior to the loading of the one or more active metals.
Abstract:
In a hydrogenation processes, a second lower temperature hydrogenation reactor is used to control the concentration of impurities, namely ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, and acetal, prior to separating the reaction mixtures. Controlling impurities reduces the need for separation capital and improves overall efficiencies for recovering alcohols.
Abstract:
A hydrogenation catalyst and process using the catalyst for converting a mixture comprising acetic acid and ethyl acetate to ethanol at a first temperature, and the catalyst desorbs ethyl acetate, in the absence of hydrogen, at a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature. The catalyst has a suitable chemisorption of ethyl acetate at the first temperature in the absence of hydrogen. In one embodiment, the first temperature ranges from 125° C. to 350° C. and the second temperature ranges from 300° C. to 600° C. The catalyst comprises one or more active metals or oxide thereof on a support that comprises tungsten or an oxide thereof. The one or more active metals are selected from the group consisting of cobalt, copper, gold, iron, nickel, palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, tin, zinc, lanthanum, cerium, manganese, chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum.
Abstract:
Systems, methods, and computer program products for editing and displaying cartographic data are described. Cartographic source data is retrieved from a first record set and displayed in a display device. Based on a selection by a user of a feature in the display device, source data corresponding to the selected feature is selected. Based on a modification of the selected feature by the user in the display device, cartographic edit data is created. The cartographic edit data is associated with the cartographic source data for the feature and the associated cartographic edit data is stored within a second record set that is editable by the user. An output record set is created for display on the display device, at least in part, from the associated cartographic edit data for the feature.
Abstract:
Acetic acid is hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst comprising one or more active metals on a silica support, wherein the catalyst has a radial crush strength of at least 4 N/mm. The one or more active metals may include cobalt, copper, gold, iron, nickel, palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, tin, zinc, lanthanum, cerium, manganese, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and mixtures thereof. Radial crush strength may be improved by steam treating the catalyst support prior to the loading of the one or more active metals.
Abstract:
In a hydrogenation processes, a second lower temperature hydrogenation reactor is used to control the concentration of impurities, namely ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, and acetal, prior to separating the reaction mixtures. Controlling impurities reduces the need for separation capital and improves overall efficiencies for recovering alcohols.