摘要:
A method of heating a subsurface formation includes introducing a molten salt into a first passageway of a conduit-in-conduit heater at a first location. The molten salt is passed through the conduit-in-conduit heater in the formation to a second location. Heat transfers from the molten salt to a treatment area during passage of the molten salt through the conduit-in-conduit heater. The molten salt is removed from the conduit-in-conduit heater at a second location spaced away from the first location.
摘要:
A method of treating a hydrocarbon formation includes providing heat to the hydrocarbon formation from a plurality of heaters. The heat transfers from the heaters so that at least a section the formation reaches a selected temperature. The section includes hydrocarbons having an API gravity below 10°. A solution including water is provided to the section. A temperature of the solution is at least 250° C. A pressure of the formation is maintained such that the water remains a liquid at 250° C. At least a some of the hydrocarbons in the section having an API gravity below 10° are contacted to produce hydrocarbon fluids. The hydrocarbon fluids in the section are mobilized. The hydrocarbon fluids include hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least 10°.
摘要:
A method for making a coiled insulated conductor heater to heat a subsurface formation includes pushing the insulated conductor heater longitudinally inside a flexible conduit using pressure. One or more cups are coupled to the outside of the insulated conductor heater. The cups maintain at least some pressure inside at least a portion of the flexible conduit as the insulated conductor heater is pushed inside the flexible conduit. The flexible conduit and the insulated conductor heater are coiled onto a coiled tubing rig.
摘要:
A heater includes a conduit and three insulated electrical conductors located in the conduit. At least one of the three insulated conductors includes an electrical conductor at least partially surrounded by an insulation layer and an electrically conductive sheath at least partially surrounding the insulation layer. One or more layers of electrical insulation at least partially surround the three insulated electrical conductors in the conduit. The one or more layers of electrical insulation electrically isolate the insulated electrical conductors from the conduit.
摘要:
A method of making a heater structure and a corresponding heater structure are disclosed. The method comprises providing a porous reinforcement material such as glass cloth, applying a metal to the porous reinforcement material such as by spraying and applying resin to the porous reinforcement material with metal already applied thereto to make the structure substantially rigid. Applying the metal to the porous reinforcement material before applying the resin provides a number of advantages such as enhanced shear strength between the porous reinforcement material and the applied metal layer and the ability to manipulate the porous reinforcement material with metal applied thereto prior to applying the resin. The heater structure may be used in many applications, some of which arc described.
摘要:
The present invention relates to the resistors used for detecting current in a current-carrying circuit as a voltage, and aims to provides a resistor which assures highly accurate measurement of resistance even if the measuring point is not precisely placed. To obtain the above purpose, the resistor of the present invention comprises a sheet metal resistor element (11) and separate metal terminals (12),(13) electrically connected to both ends of the sheet resistor element(11). These terminals (12),(13) are made of metal having the same or greater electrical conductivity than that of the resistor element (11). With the above configuration, resistance of the terminals can be made smaller than that of the resistor element. This enables to reduce the proportion of resistance of the terminals in the entire resistor, allowing to ignore its effect on fluctuation of resistance due to deviation in measuring points of a resistance measuring terminal.
摘要:
A sheathed heater comprises a heater disposed in a sheath tube by way of an insulation powder and is connected in series with a heat resistor and a current regulation resistor. The current regulation resistor is made from a cobalt-copper alloy which contains a copper component in the range from 1.0% to 14% by weight.
摘要:
The disclosed alloy has a temperature coefficient of electric resistance h an absolute value smaller than 100 ppm/.degree.C. in a temperature range between the order-disorder transformation point and melting point thereof, which alloy is made by molding an alloy consisting of 59.0-88.0 wt. % of palladium and the remainder of iron with a small amount of impurities, quenching the molded alloy from a temperature between the above-mentioned order-disorder transformation point and melting point to room temperature, cold working the quenched alloy for shaping, and annealing the shaped alloy.
摘要:
A multiple resistance element assembly having two parts, an insulator base and a multiple resistance element having expanded metal resistance members. The ends of the expanded metal resistance members are serially connected by contiguous non-expanded metal sections joining the ends of adjacent members. Tabs formed from contiguous non-expanded metal are bent normal to the plane of the resistance members and are inserted into mating slots formed in the base, and lock the multiple resistance element to the base.
摘要:
This disclosure teaches a new electrical resistance element construction and a method of making same. The elements are commonly used for resistance thermometer construction wherein the electrical resistance of a material, normally a fine metallic wire, changes with respect to temperature. The resistance wire is wound onto an electrically insulated or insulative mandrel and is subsequently shielded and protected with an outer shell. A cavity (which is purposely left between the mandrel and the outer shell) is sealed at one end and then filled with a liquid, normally very pure water. If necessary, the unit is centrifuged to insure that the water fills all of the air pockets in the cavity. A container is then placed around the outer shell and a plug (if the inner mandrel is hollow) inserted inside the mandrel thus extending and enlarging the cavity beyond the extremes of the unit. The extended cavity is then filled with a very finely powdered dielectric material and water slurry. The unit is again centrifuged and the heavier dielectric material (normally alumina) will replace the water originally centrifuged into the cavity between the mandrel and the outer shell and will be compacted tightly around the resistance wire. The unit is then removed from the centrifuge and dried in an oven to evaporate any of the liquid (water) which may still be present in the unit. The open end of the cavity is then sealed and the element is ready for use. Suitable lead wires are attached prior to centrifuging and means are provided for maintaining the resistance wire wrapped around the mandrel in position so that it does not electrically short out to the mandrel or the adjacent winds of the wire do not short to each other during centrifuging. As shown, one way of doing so is to affix portions of the wire to the mandrel, or the mandrel can contain grooves which will hold the wire from longitudinal displacement during centrifuging. An alternate approach, utilizing the above described centrifuging technique is also employed. That is, a resistance element of any volume is mounted within an outer shell of any volume slightly larger than the element volume. The remaining cavity is then filled with material by centrifuging as previously described thus producing a completely supported and contained resistive element.