公开(公告)号：US4552439A

公开(公告)日：1985-11-12

申请号：US544132

申请日：1983-10-21

Applicant: Ethan D. Hoag ,  Amotz Ravid

Inventor： Ethan D. Hoag ,  Amotz Ravid

IPC: G02B5/00 ,  G02B7/18 ,  H01S3/08 ,  G02B5/08

CPC classification number: G02B7/1815

Abstract: A cooled mirror particularly useful in lasers conducts a cooling fluid through a plurality of parallel paths to impinge on the underface of the reflector member at a plurality of discrete points thereon. The velocity of the cooling fluid is increased such that it issues in the form of a high-velocity jet at each of the discrete impingement points on the underface of the reflector member. The reflector member is thin and flexible and is supported from a rigid base by a plurality of spaced supporting elements in such manner so as to reduce bending of the reflector member by thermal deformation.

Abstract translation: 在激光器中特别有用的冷却反射镜通过多个平行路径传导冷却流体，以在其上的多个离散点处撞击反射器构件的底面。 冷却流体的速度增加，使得其在反射器构件的底面上的每个离散冲击点处以高速喷射的形式发生。 反射器构件是薄且柔性的并且通过多个间隔开的支撑元件从刚性基座支撑，以便通过热变形来减少反射器构件的弯曲。

公开(公告)号：US5858314A

公开(公告)日：1999-01-12

申请号：US631432

申请日：1996-04-12

Applicant: Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: H01M8/06 ,  B01D53/32 ,  B01D53/86 ,  B01J12/00 ,  B01J15/00 ,  B01J19/00 ,  B01J19/24 ,  B01J35/04 ,  C01B3/38 ,  H01M8/04 ,  H01M8/12 ,  H01M8/24

CPC classification number: H01M8/243 ,  B01D53/864 ,  B01D53/8653 ,  B01J12/005 ,  B01J12/007 ,  B01J15/005 ,  B01J19/249 ,  B01J35/04 ,  C01B3/382 ,  C01B3/384 ,  C01B3/386 ,  H01M8/0612 ,  H01M8/0625 ,  H01M8/0631 ,  H01M8/0662 ,  H01M8/2425 ,  B01J2208/00309 ,  B01J2208/022 ,  B01J2219/2453 ,  B01J2219/2458 ,  B01J2219/2465 ,  B01J2219/2467 ,  B01J2219/2477 ,  B01J2219/2479 ,  B01J2219/2482 ,  B01J2219/2485 ,  B01J2219/2487 ,  B01J2219/2493 ,  B01J2219/2498 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0238 ,  C01B2203/0244 ,  C01B2203/0261 ,  C01B2203/0283 ,  C01B2203/066 ,  C01B2203/0811 ,  C01B2203/0833 ,  C01B2203/0838 ,  C01B2203/0844 ,  C01B2203/0866 ,  C01B2203/1035 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1205 ,  C01B2203/1241 ,  C01B2203/1276 ,  C01B2203/142 ,  C01B2203/80 ,  C01B2203/82 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  H01M2300/0077 ,  H01M8/04022 ,  H01M8/0618 ,  Y02P20/129 ,  Y02P20/52

Abstract: A natural gas reformer comprising a stack of thermally conducting plates interspersed with catalyst plates and provided with internal or external manifolds for reactants. The catalyst plate is in intimate thermal contact with the conducting plates so that its temperature closely tracks the temperature of the thermally conducting plate, which can be designed to attain a near isothermal state in-plane to the plate. One or more catalysts may be used, distributed along the flow direction, in-plane to the thermally conducting plate, in a variety of optional embodiments. The reformer may be operated as a steam reformer or as a partial oxidation reformer. When operated as a steam reformer, thermal energy for the (endothermic) steam reforming reaction is provided externally by radiation and/or conduction to the thermally conducting plates. This produces carbon monoxide, hydrogen, steam and carbon dioxide. When operated as a partial oxidation reformer, a fraction of the natural gas is oxidized assisted by the presence of a combustion catalyst and reforming catalyst. This produces carbon monoxide, hydrogen, steam and carbon dioxide. Because of the intimate thermal contact between the catalyst plate and the conducting plates, no excessive temperature can develop within the stack assembly. Details of the plate design may be varied to accommodate a variety of manifolding embodiments providing one or more inlets and exit ports for introducing, pre-heating and exhaust the reactants.

公开(公告)号：US5693201A

公开(公告)日：1997-12-02

申请号：US325486

申请日：1994-10-19

Applicant: Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: F01K23/10 ,  F01K23/06 ,  F02C3/36 ,  F02C6/00 ,  F02C6/04 ,  F02C7/08 ,  F02C7/224 ,  H01M8/00 ,  H01M8/02 ,  H01M8/04 ,  H01M8/06 ,  H01M8/14 ,  H01M8/24 ,  C25B5/00 ,  C25B9/00 ,  C25B15/08

CPC classification number: H01M8/2425 ,  F02C3/36 ,  F02C6/00 ,  F02C6/04 ,  H01M8/0247 ,  H01M8/025 ,  H01M8/0267 ,  H01M8/04 ,  H01M8/04007 ,  H01M8/04067 ,  H01M8/0612 ,  H01M8/0625 ,  H01M8/241 ,  H01M8/247 ,  H01M2008/147 ,  H01M2300/0008 ,  H01M2300/0014 ,  H01M2300/0051 ,  H01M2300/0082 ,  H01M8/0204 ,  H01M8/0228 ,  H01M8/0254 ,  H01M8/0273 ,  H01M8/04014 ,  H01M8/04022 ,  H01M8/249 ,  Y02E20/14 ,  Y02E20/16 ,  Y02E60/526

Abstract: A turbine power system that includes a compressor for compressing a first medium, and an electrochemical converter in communication with the compressor and adapted to receive the first medium and a second medium. The converter is configured to allow an electrochemical reaction between the first and second mediums, thereby generating electricity and producing exhaust having a selected elevated temperature. The power system further includes a turbine in fluid communication with the electrochemical converter and adapted to receive the converter exhaust, such that the turbine converts the electrochemical converter exhaust into rotary energy and electricity. The system can further include a steam generator and a steam turbine that produces electricity. The electrochemical converter is utilized herein as an electrochemical combustor-replacement (ECCR) or as a fuel cell for combustor-replacement (FCCR).

Abstract translation: 一种涡轮机动力系统，包括用于压缩第一介质的压缩机和与压缩机连通并适于接收第一介质和第二介质的电化学转换器。 转换器被配置为允许第一和第二介质之间的电化学反应，从而产生电并产生具有选定的升高温度的排气。 电力系统还包括与电化学转换器流体连通并适于接收转换器排气的涡轮，使得涡轮机将电化学转化器排气转化为旋转能量和电力。 该系统还可以包括产生电力的蒸汽发生器和蒸汽轮机。 电化学转化器在本文中用作电化学燃烧器置换（ECCR）或用作燃烧器置换（FCCR）的燃料电池。

公开(公告)号：US4723256A

公开(公告)日：1988-02-02

申请号：US841768

申请日：1986-03-20

Applicant: Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: H01S3/08 ,  H01S3/081 ,  H01S3/086

CPC classification number: H01S3/081

Abstract: An optical resonator for a laser oscillating apparatus has an arrangement of folding mirrors facing one another across the lasing gas medium that radiates the laser beam. The arrangement includes a pair of reflecting surfaces that are approximately orthogonal to one another and effectively face the lasing gas medium as a whole. Also, the laser beam that is incident from the lasing gas medium is caused to be reflected successively from both reflecting surfaces to be emitted in the direction of the lasing gas medium.

Abstract translation: 用于激光振荡装置的光学谐振器具有折叠反射镜的布置，穿过辐射激光束的激光气体介质彼此相对。 该装置包括大致相互正交并且整体上有效地面对激光气体介质的一对反射表面。 此外，使从激光气体介质入射的激光束从两个反射面连续反射，以沿着激光气体介质的方向发射。

公开(公告)号：US4534032A

公开(公告)日：1985-08-06

申请号：US431254

申请日：1982-09-30

Applicant: Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: H01S3/036 ,  H01S3/038 ,  H01S3/041 ,  H01S3/097 ,  H01S3/22 ,  H01S3/04

CPC classification number: H01S3/041 ,  H01S3/036 ,  H01S3/038

Abstract: Apparatus for establishing and maintaining a stable electrical discharge across a stream of gas flowing through a gas flow channel, particularly useful in high-power lasers, comprises a plurality of modular elements each including a plurality of electrodes, a ballast impedance for each electrode, and a cooling element for each electrode in thermal communication with the electrode and its ballast impedance, all embedded within a block of insulating material. The ballast impedances for the electrodes at the downstream side of the gas flow channel have lower impedance values than those for the electrodes at the upstream side of the channel so as to compensate for the lower impedance of the gas flowing through the channel at the downstream side and to produce a substantially constant voltage across the various portions of the channels.

Abstract translation: 用于在流过气流通道的气体流中建立和维持稳定的放电的设备，特别适用于大功率激光器，包括多个模块化元件，每个模块元件包括多个电极，每个电极的镇流器阻抗，以及 用于与电极热连通的每个电极及其镇流器阻抗的冷却元件全部嵌入绝缘材料块内。 在气体流路的下游侧的电极的镇流阻抗比通道上游侧的电极的阻抗值低，以补偿流过下游侧的流路的气体的阻抗较低 并且在通道的各个部分上产生基本恒定的电压。

公开(公告)号：US4486887A

公开(公告)日：1984-12-04

申请号：US410594

申请日：1982-08-23

Applicant: Ethan D. Hoag ,  Glenn W. Zieders

Inventor： Ethan D. Hoag ,  Glenn W. Zieders

IPC: H01S3/03 ,  H01S3/05 ,  H01S3/07 ,  H01S3/08 ,  H01S3/081 ,  H01S3/22

CPC classification number: H01S3/05 ,  H01S3/073 ,  H01S3/081 ,  Y10S372/70

Abstract: A high-power flowing-gas laser comprises a laser channel folded to include at least two legs angularly disposed to each other in a common plane and having a single folding mirror between them such that the laser rays through one leg, on the upstream side thereof with respect to the gas flowing transversely across that leg, are reflected by the folding mirror so as to be transposed to the downstream side of the other leg with respect to the gas flowing transversely across the other leg. A number of embodiments are described wherein the laser channel is folded to include four or other even number of legs according to a polygonal configuration, there being a separate flowing gas channel for each leg, all the gas channels directing the gas flow radially inwardly to a common collection region. Among the advantages provided by the described constructions are compensation for phase distortion and amplitude variations, and maximum laser channel length and laser output for a given system size and volume.

Abstract translation: 大功率流动气体激光器包括被折叠成包括在公共平面中彼此成角度地设置的至少两个腿的激光通道，并且在它们之间具有单个折叠镜，使得激光射线在其上游侧的一条腿 相对于横向穿过该腿的气体，被折叠镜反射，以相对于横向横过另一条腿流动的气体转置到另一条腿的下游侧。 描述了多个实施例，其中根据多边形构造将激光通道折叠成包括四个或另外偶数个腿，每个腿具有单独的流动气体通道，所有气体通道将气体流径向向内引导到 共同收集区域。 所描述的结构提供的优点之一是对于给定的系统尺寸和体积的相位失真和幅度变化以及最大激光通道长度和激光输出的补偿。

公开(公告)号：US06183703B2

公开(公告)日：2001-02-06

申请号：US09459403

申请日：1999-01-11

Applicant: Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: F28D2100

CPC classification number: C01B3/382 ,  B01D53/864 ,  B01D53/8653 ,  B01J12/005 ,  B01J12/007 ,  B01J15/005 ,  B01J19/249 ,  B01J35/04 ,  B01J2208/00309 ,  B01J2208/022 ,  B01J2219/2453 ,  B01J2219/2458 ,  B01J2219/2465 ,  B01J2219/2467 ,  B01J2219/2477 ,  B01J2219/2479 ,  B01J2219/2482 ,  B01J2219/2485 ,  B01J2219/2487 ,  B01J2219/2493 ,  B01J2219/2498 ,  C01B3/384 ,  C01B3/386 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0238 ,  C01B2203/0244 ,  C01B2203/0261 ,  C01B2203/0283 ,  C01B2203/066 ,  C01B2203/0811 ,  C01B2203/0833 ,  C01B2203/0838 ,  C01B2203/0844 ,  C01B2203/0866 ,  C01B2203/1035 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1205 ,  C01B2203/1241 ,  C01B2203/1276 ,  C01B2203/142 ,  C01B2203/80 ,  C01B2203/82 ,  H01M8/04022 ,  H01M8/0612 ,  H01M8/0618 ,  H01M8/0625 ,  H01M8/0631 ,  H01M8/0662 ,  H01M8/2425 ,  H01M8/243 ,  H01M8/2483 ,  H01M8/2484 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  H01M2300/0077 ,  Y02P20/129 ,  Y02P20/52

Abstract: A natural gas reformer comprising a stack of thermally conducting plates interspersed with catalyst plates and provided with internal or external manifolds for reactants. The catalyst plate is in intimate thermal contact with the conducting plates so that its temperature closely tracks the temperature of the thermally conducting plate, which can be designed to attain a near isothermal state in-plane to the plate. One or more catalysts may be used, distributed along the flow direction, in-plane to the thermally conducting plate, in a variety of optional embodiments. The reformer may be operated as a steam reformer or as a partial oxidation reformer. When operated as a steam reformer, thermal energy for the (endothermic) steam reforming reaction is provided externally by radiation and/or conduction to the thermally conducting plates. This produces carbon monoxide, hydrogen, steam and carbon dioxide. When operated as a partial oxidation reformer, a fraction of the natural gas is oxidized assisted by the presence of a combustion catalyst and reforming catalyst. This produces carbon monoxide, hydrogen, steam and carbon dioxide. Because of the intimate thermal contact between the catalyst plate and the conducting plates, no excessive temperature can develop within the stack assembly. Details of the plate design may be varied to accommodate a variety of manifolding embodiments providing one or more inlets and exit ports for introducing, pre-heating and exhaust the reactants.

Abstract translation: 一种天然气重整器，包括一叠散布有催化剂板的导热板，并具有用于反应物的内部或外部歧管。 催化剂板与导电板紧密地热接触，使得其温度密切地跟踪导热板的温度，导热板的设计可以在平板内达到接近等温的状态。 在各种可选实施例中，可以使用一种或多种催化剂，其沿着流动方向在导热板内平面分布。 重整器可以作为蒸汽重整器或部分氧化重整器来操作。 当作为蒸气重整器操作时，（吸热）蒸汽重整反应的热能通过辐射和/或传导到导热板而在外部提供。 这产生一氧化碳，氢气，蒸汽和二氧化碳。 当作为部分氧化重整器操作时，通过燃烧催化剂和重整催化剂的存在，一部分天然气被氧化。 这产生一氧化碳，氢气，蒸汽和二氧化碳。 由于催化剂板和导电板之间的紧密热接触，堆叠组件内不会发生过高的温度。 可以改变板设计的细节以适应提供用于引入，预热和排出反应物的一个或多个入口和出口的各种歧管实施例。

公开(公告)号：US5976332A

公开(公告)日：1999-11-02

申请号：US977835

申请日：1997-11-26

Applicant: Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: F01K23/10 ,  F01K23/06 ,  F02C3/36 ,  F02C6/00 ,  F02C6/04 ,  F02C7/08 ,  F02C7/224 ,  H01M8/00 ,  H01M8/02 ,  H01M8/04 ,  H01M8/06 ,  H01M8/14 ,  H01M8/24 ,  C25B9/00 ,  C25B15/08

CPC classification number: H01M8/2425 ,  F02C3/36 ,  F02C6/00 ,  F02C6/04 ,  H01M8/0247 ,  H01M8/025 ,  H01M8/0267 ,  H01M8/04 ,  H01M8/04007 ,  H01M8/04067 ,  H01M8/0612 ,  H01M8/0625 ,  H01M8/241 ,  H01M8/247 ,  H01M2008/147 ,  H01M2300/0008 ,  H01M2300/0014 ,  H01M2300/0051 ,  H01M2300/0082 ,  H01M8/0204 ,  H01M8/0228 ,  H01M8/0254 ,  H01M8/0273 ,  H01M8/04014 ,  H01M8/04022 ,  H01M8/249 ,  Y02E20/14 ,  Y02E20/16 ,  Y02E60/526

Abstract: A turbine power system that includes a compressor for compressing a first medium, and an electrochemical converter in communication with the compressor and adapted to receive the first medium and a second medium. The converter is configured to allow an electrochemical reaction between the first and second mediums, thereby generating electricity and producing exhaust having a selected elevated temperature. The power system further includes a turbine in fluid communication with the electrochemical converter and adapted to receive the converter exhaust, such that the turbine converts the electrochemical converter exhaust into rotary energy and electricity. The system can further include a steam generator and a steam turbine that produces electricity. The electrochemical converter is utilized herein as an electrochemical combustor-replacement (ECCR) or as a fuel cell for combustor-replacement (FCCR).

Abstract translation: 一种涡轮机动力系统，包括用于压缩第一介质的压缩机和与压缩机连通并适于接收第一介质和第二介质的电化学转换器。 转换器被配置为允许第一和第二介质之间的电化学反应，从而产生电并产生具有选定的升高温度的排气。 电力系统还包括与电化学转换器流体连通并适于接收转换器排气的涡轮，使得涡轮机将电化学转化器排气转化为旋转能量和电力。 该系统还可以包括产生电力的蒸汽发生器和蒸汽轮机。 电化学转化器在本文中用作电化学燃烧器置换（ECCR）或用作燃烧器置换（FCCR）的燃料电池。

公开(公告)号：US5338622A

公开(公告)日：1994-08-16

申请号：US45996

申请日：1993-04-12

Applicant: Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Michael S. Hsu ,  Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: F28F13/02 ,  F28F13/00 ,  H01M8/04 ,  H01M8/06 ,  H01M8/10 ,  H01M8/14 ,  H01M8/24

CPC classification number: H01M8/0625 ,  F28F13/003 ,  H01M8/04007 ,  H01M8/247 ,  F28D2021/0043 ,  H01M2008/147 ,  H01M2300/0051 ,  H01M8/04014 ,  H01M8/1016 ,  H01M8/249 ,  Y02E60/526

Abstract: A heat exchanging apparatus including a working fluid and a structure for exchanging heat between the working fluid and an external environment. The structure includes at least one wall element having an external surface exposed to the external environment and an internal surface exposed to the working fluid such that heat can be exchanged between the environment and the working fluid by conductive heat transfer through the wall element. The apparatus further includes a reservoir element for providing a reservoir for the working fluid and a distribution element for distributing the working fluid along the wall element to provide isothermal heat exchange between the working fluid and the external environment. In one embodiment, the structure can be a double lumen tubular structure having an inner lumen which provides a reservoir for the working fluid, and an lumen where heat is exchanged between the working fluid and an external environment. The inner tube can be a porous structure with a plurality of pores that uniformly distribute the working fluid to the outer-lumen.

Abstract translation: 一种热交换装置，包括工作流体和用于在工作流体和外部环境之间进行热交换的结构。 该结构包括具有暴露于外部环境的外表面和暴露于工作流体的内表面的至少一个壁元件，使得可以通过穿过壁元件的导电热传递在环境和工作流体之间交换热量。 该装置还包括用于为工作流体提供储存器的储存器元件和用于沿着壁元件分配工作流体的分配元件，以提供工作流体和外部环境之间的等温热交换。 在一个实施例中，该结构可以是具有为工作流体提供储存器的内腔和在工作流体和外部环境之间交换热量的内腔的双腔管状结构。 内管可以是具有将工作流体均匀地分配到外腔的多个孔的多孔结构。

公开(公告)号：US4760581A

公开(公告)日：1988-07-26

申请号：US860818

申请日：1986-05-08

Applicant: Ethan D. Hoag

Inventor： Ethan D. Hoag

IPC: H01S3/034 ,  H01S3/03 ,  H01S3/08 ,  H01S3/081 ,  H01S3/086

CPC classification number: H01S3/086 ,  H01S3/081 ,  H01S3/036 ,  H01S3/041 ,  H01S3/08095 ,  H01S3/2232

Abstract: A laser oscillating apparatus has an elongate housing, a pair of discharge electrodes arranged along the longitudinal direction in the interior of the laser housing, and first and second planar folding mirrors arranged at either end in the longitudinal direction of the lasing cavity formed by the discharge electrodes, with the reflecting surfaces of the folding mirror facing the lasing cavity. The folding mirrors are placed with their reflecting surfaces inclined by a predetermined angle with respect to one another. Also in the laser housing are a primary mirror and an output mirror, each of which is arranged with a predetermined spacing in the neighborhood of one of the folding mirrors. At least the primary mirror and the output mirror are arranged so that their attitude is adjustable from the outside of the laser housing.

Abstract translation: 激光振荡装置具有细长壳体，沿着激光壳体内部的纵向布置的一对放电电极，以及布置在由放电形成的激光腔的纵向方向上的任一端的第一和第二平面折叠镜 电极，折叠镜的反射面朝向激光腔。 折叠反射镜被放置成使其反射表面相对于彼此倾斜预定角度。 在激光器壳体中也是主镜和输出镜，每个反射镜和输出镜在其中一个折叠镜的附近以预定的间隔布置。 至少主镜和输出镜被布置成使得它们的姿态可以从激光外壳的外部调节。