Abstract:
A process of producing 2-(5-ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxane-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-1-ol (DOG) by the acetalization of hydroxypivalaldehyde with trimethylolpropane in water in the presence of an acid catalyst and optional seed crystals. DOG crystals having an increased particle size and containing the trans isomer in a high content are produced by the process in which the reaction temperature, pH of the reaction system and concentration of DOG to be produced in the reaction system are controlled.
Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of producing high-purity hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or dimer thereof, including: reacting isobutyl aldehyde with formaldehyde in a presence of a basic catalyst; distilling a low boiling point component including unreacted isobutyl aldehyde to obtain an aqueous solution; adding a diluent to the aqueous solution; cooling the aqueous solution to crystallize the hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or the dimer thereof; and subjecting the aqueous solution to a solid-liquid separation, followed by washing with an organic solvent and/or water, in which the diluent and a basic compound are added to the aqueous solution containing the hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or the dimer thereof obtained by distilling the low boiling point component off so that a concentration of the hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or the dimer becomes 5 to 23% by mass, the concentration of formaldehyde becomes 0.2 to 2.5% by mass, and a pH value becomes 5.0 or more, the solution is crystallized at a temperature of 20 to 45° C. and subjected to the solid-liquid separation. In this method, handling of a high-viscosity slurry and carrying out any complicated operation such as regeneration of an ion exchange resin are not required, so the high-purity HPA and/or the dimer thereof can be obtained in high yield with an energetically advantageous manner.
Abstract:
A PLL circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a phase comparator to output an up signal and a down signal based on a phase difference between a reference clock signal and a feedback clock signal; an offset correcting circuit to correct a pulse width of at least one of the up signal and the down signal to output a modified up signal and a modified down signal; a first charge pump circuit to increase or decrease a charge pump output voltage to be output in accordance with the modified up signal and the modified down signal; a loop filter to filter out noise of the charge pump output voltage and generate a filter voltage; and a voltage-controlled oscillation circuit having an oscillation frequency controlled based on a voltage value of the filter voltage and outputting an output clock signal.
Abstract:
A PLL circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a phase comparing circuit comparing phases of a reference clock signal and a feedback clock signal to output a voltage-up signal and a voltage-down signal based on the phase difference; a first charge pump circuit generating a first current based on the voltage-up signal and the voltage-down signal; a dummy signal generating circuit outputting a dummy signal having substantially the same pulse width as a pulse width of the voltage-up signal or the voltage-down signal in sync with the voltage-up signal or the voltage-down signal; a second charge pump circuit generating a second current based on the dummy signal; and a voltage-controlled oscillator controlling an output clock frequency based on a differential voltage between a first voltage generated in accordance with the first current and a second voltage generated in accordance with the second current.
Abstract:
A communication agent apparatus includes at least one mobile unit, a presence information inquiring unit, a handling method determination unit, and a handling method execution unit. The mobile unit transports a communication device. The presence information inquiring unit acquires presence information indicating the current situation of a called user. The handling method determination unit determines a handling method for communication made from a calling user to the called user on the basis of the acquired presence information. The handling method execution unit executes the determined handling method. When the handling method determination unit determines a handling method of delivering a communication device used for communication to the called user, the mobile unit delivers the communication device to the called user in accordance with a move command from the handling method execution unit.
Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of producing high-purity hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or dimer thereof, including: reacting isobutyl aldehyde with formaldehyde in a presence of a basic catalyst; distilling a low boiling point component including unreacted isobutyl aldehyde to obtain an aqueous solution; adding a diluent to the aqueous solution; cooling the aqueous solution to crystallize the hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or the dimer thereof; and subjecting the aqueous solution to a solid-liquid separation, followed by washing with an organic solvent and/or water, in which the diluent and a basic compound are added to the aqueous solution containing the hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or the dimer thereof obtained by distilling the low boiling point component off so that a concentration of the hydroxypivalaldehyde and/or the dimer becomes 5 to 23% by mass, the concentration of formaldehyde becomes 0.2 to 2.5% by mass, and a pH value becomes 5.0 or more, the solution is crystallized at a temperature of 20 to 45° C. and subjected to the solid-liquid separation. In this method, handling of a high-viscosity slurry and carrying out any complicated operation such as regeneration of an ion exchange resin are not required, so the high-purity HPA and/or the dimer thereof can be obtained in high yield with an energetically advantageous manner.
Abstract:
A buddy list manager stores a buddy list sent from a receiver terminal and manages the buddy list. A controller accepts an updating request and identifying information of a third party terminal from the third party terminal. When the controller accepts the updating request and the identifying information from the third party terminal, the controller determines whether the third party has an updating authority for updating the buddy list or not, using the identifying information. If the controller judges that the third party has an updating authority for updating the buddy list, then the controller permits the third party terminal to update the buddy list.
Abstract:
Provided is a friction force microscope that can measure a friction force by a cantilever in a quantitative manner. The friction force microscope includes a friction force calculating mechanism that calculates an effective probe height and a torsional spring constant of the cantilever from bending sensitivity determined from displacement information in a bending direction of the cantilever and torsional sensitivity determined from displacement information in a torsional direction of the cantilever, respectively, so as to use the calculated values for calculating the friction force.
Abstract:
An information providing apparatus of the present invention prevents searching a database for an object in a narrow area. The apparatus according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes: an information storing means which stores a positional description for each object; a searching means which receives a search request including an area designation, searches, based on the positional description, the information storing means for the object existing in the area and outputs an identifier of the object found; and a checking means which rejects the search request if the area size is not more than a permissible value.
Abstract:
A presentity service client has a presentity that issues presence information to a presence service and a watcher which observes presence information for other presentities; a presence change rule holding part holds a presence change rule; and a presence calculating part changes the presence information for the presentity, using as a trigger a change in presence information of other presentities, based on the presence information of other presentity acquired by the watcher and in accordance with the presence change rule held by a presence change rules holding part.