The invention relates to a low temperature test bench with single gear box and same side torque mechanical loading and compensation drive. The temperature test bench includes a gear box testing table(1), a refrigeration cycle system (4), an inclined platform supports the assembly of the column assembly (7) and a middle support of the inclined square tube platform (8). The low temperature test bench solves the problem of that the reliability test of the gearbox cannot be done in the actual operation of the train, reduces great waste of energy in the process of testing and provides a new type of high speed train gear box unload running and closing test table. The included mechanical torque loading device connects the output end of the test gear box to the input end to form a mechanical closed-loop system. The size of the helical gear meshing position adjustment in the mechanical torque closed-loop system is formed inside the variable, which can simulate the train traction motor output torque is very large, ensures the rationality and accuracy of gear box test and reduces the power required to drive motor test requirements.