The invention belongs to the field of reliability tests on machine tool functional components, and relates to a reliability test device for rolling linear guide pair clamps. The test bed is composed of a clamp worktable body part, a clamp control structure part, a load application part, a clamp performance test part and an automatic control part, wherein the clamp control structure part is used for controlling clamping and loosening of a clamp, the load application part is used for simulating the axial load and inertial load of the clamp under actual working conditions, and the clamp performance test part is used in cooperation with the clamp control structure part and the load application part for clamp holding power detection, response time detection and braking distance detection. The test method includes the steps of conducting a basic action test on the clamp in a no-load state, conducting a clamping action test on the clamp in a loaded state, conducting a braking action test on the clamp in a loaded state and conducting a performance test on the clamp. By means of the reliability test device and method, dynamic and static loading and reliability testing can be conducted on different types and models of clamps as many as possible.