Abstract:
The disclosure is directed to a system and method of fueling and mitigating debris for an illumination source. An illumination system may include a plasma-based illumination source. The illumination system may provide illumination along an illumination path emanating from an illumination origin of the illumination source. A gas jet nozzle may be disposed at a selected distance from the illumination origin or proximate to the illumination origin. The gas jet nozzle may be configured to provide fuel gas to fuel the plasma-based illumination source. The gas jet nozzle may be further configured to provide fuel gas in a selected direction substantially opposite to a direction of illumination emanating from the illumination origin to remove at least a portion of debris from the illumination path.
Abstract:
A device suitable for switching large currents includes, within a gas filled envelope, an anode, electrodes and a thermionic cathode. Initially the device holds off a voltage until a triggering pulse is applied to an electrode. This cause an electron current to be established between the thermionic cathode and the anode. When the current reaches a sufficiently large value further conduction through the device occurs via current drawn from the surface of the electrode in a cold cathode mode, bypassing the cathode.
Abstract:
It is an object of the invention to provide a discharge tube in which the electrical insulating property between the discharge trigger wires is not deteriorated by the sputtering substance generated when discharge is conducted between the upper and the lower discharge electrode. There are provided sub-discharge trigger wires 50 at the center of the inner circumferential wall of the airtight cylinder 10 under the condition that the sub-discharge trigger wires 50 are electrically insulated from the upper and the lower discharge electrode. At the same time, there are provided discharge trigger wires 30a connected with the upper discharge electrode and discharge trigger wires 30b connected with the lower discharge electrode in the upper and the lower portion of the inner circumferential wall of the airtight cylinder 10 at which there is no possibility of adhesion of the sputtering substance 40 generated in the process of discharging conducted by the upper and the lower discharge electrode. A distance between the discharge trigger wires 30a, 30b is electrically reduced via the sub-discharge trigger wires 50. An initial discharge is stably generated at an early stage between the fore end portions of the discharge trigger wires 30a, 30b and the end portions of the sub-discharge trigger wires 50 located close to the discharge trigger wires 30a, 30b.
Abstract:
A switching apparatus obtains a large switching current by multiplying the number of electrons emitted by field emission from a cold cathode. The switching apparatus is driven by an optical wave and includes a recess portion of an insulation layer formed on a silicon substrate, a cold cathode formed on the insulation layer comprising many comb-tooth like tips extending from one side above the recess portion, a gate electrode disposed on the recess portion on the side of the cold cathode, an anode formed on the insulation layer and extending from another side opposed facing to the one side above the recess portion, an optically transparent sealing member comprising a recess portion on its under surface for enclosing a dilute nitrogen gas in a vacuum space, and a semiconductor laser, supported on the sealing member by a support member, for irradiating a laser beam through the sealing member into the space.
Abstract:
A discharge tube according to the present invention is constructed such that it comprises a cylindrical container made of an insulation tube, a pair of discharge electrodes provided at opposite ends of the cylindrical container, a plurality of insulation coated lines containing a gas-ionization accelerator therein, which insulation coated lines being provided on the inner surface of the cylindrical container covering the regions surrounding a cathode and a discharge space therein in a substantially parallel relation with a center axis of the cylindrical container, wherein the gas-ionization accelerator is made of a silicate powder selected from the group of alkaline metal, alkaline earth metal and so on, or of electrically conductive finely divided particles selected from the group of carbon, metal, metal oxide and so on. The discharge tube according to the present invention shows stabilized discharge inception characteristics even when the frequency of repetitive discharge is low, and in addition, it does not generate an inner creeping discharge even if it is continuously used for a long time, thereby providing a stabilized discharge operation.
Abstract:
An improved gas discharge trigger for a pseudogap cold cathode thyratron. Electrical trigger pulses are capacitively coupled through the vacuum envelope wall (16) causing a gas discharge adjacent to the rear of the hollow cathode (26). Coupling apertures (12) between the trigger discharge region and the hollow cathode allow ionization to propagate into the rear of the hollow cathode and trigger the pseudogap from a non conducting to conducting state.