摘要:
A two-fiber ring architecture capable of carrying multiple wavelength channels and allowing client self-healing of single point failures. The ring architecture includes a two-fiber optical ring carrying at least one wavelength channel, wherein the wavelength channel has working traffic and protection traffic. The optical ring can include a single ring, two interconnected rings, or multiple interconnected rings. Specifically, the ring architecture includes a first client networking element connected to the optical ring by a first pair of 2×2 add drop matrices and a second client networking element connected to the optical ring by a second pair of 2×2 add drop matrices. At least one interconnect node is also provided when more than one ring is used, wherein the interconnect node has a first 2×2 interconnect matrix and a second 2×2 interconnect matrix. The first 2×2 interconnect matrix routes the working traffic from the first client networking element to the second client networking element. Similarly, the second 2×2 interconnect matrix routes the protection traffic from the second client networking element to the first client networking element. The optical ring includes a first access ring, an inter-office (IOF) ring, and a second access ring. Access rings are connected to the IOF ring by the aforementioned interconnect nodes.
摘要:
The present invention is directed to a protection switch for use in a node of a two-fiber optical shared protection ring. The two-fiber optical shared protection ring propagates at least one bi-directional channel. Each bi-directional channel includes a working first wavelength signal and a working second wavelength signal. One fiber in the two-fiber optical channel shared protection ring propagates the working first wavelength signal in a first direction and the other fiber in the two-fiber optical channel shared protection ring propagating the working second wavelength signal in a second direction opposite the first direction. The switch includes an N×N optical switch fabric system disposed in the node. The N×N optical switch fabric includes 2N input/output (I/O) ports, wherein N is four, or an integer multiple of four. Each optical switch fabric is configured to switch at least one bi-directional channel. At least N three-port optical devices are coupled to N of the I/O ports. Each three-port optical device includes a bi-directional port coupled to an I/O port. The bi-directional port is configured to propagate the at least one bi-directional channel.
摘要:
An optical cross-connect system provides 4×4 switching matrices and self-healing from any single point of failure. The switching matrices route working traffic and redundant protection traffic between a plurality of client network elements and an optical ring. The system also has a client interface for transporting the working traffic and the protection traffic between the switching matrices and the client network elements. The optical cross-connect system further includes a ring interface for transporting the working traffic and the protection traffic between the switching matrices and the optical ring. The switching matrices are structured so that protection is provided from single point failures by electrical switching at the client network element location. This significantly reduces the need for optical switching within the matrices.
摘要:
An ultracapacitor or hybrid capacitor includes an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure (12) having cells extending along a common direction and having an average density per unit area within in a plane perpendicular to the common direction exceeding 15.5 per square centimeter, desirably formed of a material that is stable at temperatures of 300° or more, such that high temperatures processing can be used to help ensure high purity of the final product. The material may desirably be an oxide or non-oxide ceramic, such as cordierite, silicon nitride, alumina, aluminum titanate, zircon, glass, or glass-ceramic.
摘要:
An after-treatment device for an automotive engine includes a substrate having a thermoelectric generation element disposed in an interior volume thereof. The substrate has a first end, a second end, and a lateral dimension that define an interior volume, and is configured to flow engine exhaust gas from the first end to the second end such that the flowing exhaust gas is in thermal contact with the thermoelectric generation element.
摘要:
A reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer is disclosed that enables Optical Multiplex Section (OMS) shared protection rings. The ROADM comprises a first optical supervisory module, coupled to a first amplifier module, which in turn is coupled to a first broadcast and select module, where the first broadcast and select module is coupled to both a first multiplexer/demultiplexer module and the first optical supervisory module. Each optical supervisory module has an optical tap for tapping a fraction of an outgoing OMS signal that is fed back or looped back to a 2×1 optical switch in the optical supervisory module.
摘要:
A hybrid capacitor includes an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure having cells extending along a common direction, the cells having a plurality of cross-sectional shapes. The honeycomb structure is desirably formed of a material that is stable at temperatures of 300° or more, such that high temperature processing can be used to help ensure high purity of the final product. The material of the structure may desirably be an oxide or non-oxide ceramic, such as cordierite, silicon nitride, alumina, aluminum titanate, zircon, glass, or glass-ceramic. The plurality of shapes of the cells includes larger shapes in which cells are disposed non-galvanic electrodes, with galvanic electrodes disposed in cells of other shapes.
摘要:
A package for an electrochemical double layer capacitor comprises a housing defining an interior volume, the housing having an end wall, side walls, and an end cap configured to sealably engage with the side walls to enclose the interior volume, wherein the interior volume has a height (hcan) and a diameter (dcan) such that an aspect ratio defined as hcan/dcan is in a range of 3.1 to 15. An electrode set adapted to be incorporated into the package can have an aspect ratio in a range of 3.1 to 15.
摘要:
An after-treatment device for an automotive engine includes a substrate having a thermoelectric generation element disposed in an interior volume thereof. The substrate has a first end, a second end, and an outermost lateral dimension that defines an interior volume, and is configured to flow engine exhaust gas from the first end to the second end such that the flowing exhaust gas is in thermal contact with the thermoelectric generation element.
摘要:
An hybrid capacitor includes an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure having cells extending along a common direction, the cells having a plurality of cross-sectional shapes. The honeycomb structure is desirably formed of a material that is stable at temperatures of 3000 or more, such that high temperature processing can be used to help ensure high purity of the final product. The material of the structure may desirably be an oxide or non-oxide ceramic, such as cordierite, silicon nitride, alumina, aluminum titanate, zircon, glass, or glass-ceramic. The plurality of shapes of the cells includes larger shapes in which cells are disposed non-galvanic electrodes, with galvanic electrodes disposed in cells of other shapes.