The invention relates to a battery replacement robot with a mobile temporary storage frame and a battery replacement method. The battery replacement robot with the mobile temporary storage frame comprises a mechanical part and an electrical control part. The battery replacement method comprises the steps of: controlling a battery replacement device to replace all battery boxes required by one side of an electric bus at a time by the electrical control part and placing the battery boxes on a battery box temporary storage frame; moving the battery boxes to a position at which the battery needs to be changed by a horizontal movement unit; taking down spent battery boxes from the electric bus through the battery replacement device, and rotating the battery box replacement device towards one side around a Y axis to lift or descend the spent battery boxes onto the battery box temporary storage frame; taking down charged battery boxes from the battery box temporary storage frame, and rotating the battery box replacement device back to the original position to mount the battery boxes into the electric bus; and repeating the operation to finish battery box replacement of the electric bus. According to the battery replacement robot, the quantity of battery boxes required by one side of the electric bus is got at a time, so that long-distance repeated operations in a large space of the battery replacement robot are avoided, and the battery replacement robot the structure is simple, the battery replacement time is shortened, the space occupancy rate of a working area is reduced and the utilization rate of land resources is increased effectively.