A rigidity detection system of four-column bogie of railway vehicles relates to railway vehicle performance detection equipment, which is designed for detecting the key kinetic parameters of bogie of railway vehicles under various motion states. The system comprises a mechanical system, a hydraulic system, a test system and a control system, wherein the mechanical system includes a gantry system (A) in frame structure composed of a crossbeam (1) and a vertical pillar (2), a five-degree-of-freedom force application system (F) composed of a simulated vehicle load pressure plate (5), a simulatedvehicle load pressure column (4) and a simulated vehicle gravity center height adjusting mechanism (3), and a wheel pair positioning and clamping system (B) for clamping and positioning a rotation frame; the hydraulic system (E) includes a cylinder with vertical, longitudinal and transverse effects on the rotation frame; the test system includes a three-dimensional force detection system (G) and a rotation frame displacement detection system (C); and the control system is mainly composed of a hydraulic control system, an electric control system and a computer system.