公开(公告)号：US4256461A

公开(公告)日：1981-03-17

申请号：US39776

申请日：1979-05-17

Applicant: William D. Wallace ,  Christopher A. Cutler ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Frederick L. Farr

Inventor： William D. Wallace ,  Christopher A. Cutler ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Frederick L. Farr

IPC: G01N33/00 ,  G01N33/487 ,  G01N33/96 ,  G01N33/50

CPC classification number: G01N33/96 ,  G01N2496/70 ,  Y10T436/25625

Abstract: Method and apparatus for gas-liquid equilibration (tonometry) in a transportable vessel. Specifically the method and device is concerned with tonometry of blood or buffer solution in a syringe. The compartment formed when a syringe plunger is partially inserted into a syringe barrel serves as a tonometer chamber where gas of known composition is bubbled through a liquid sample. Gas enters the chamber through small holes in the tip of the syringe plunger and bubbles upward through the sample. The syringe plunger itself is a second chamber which is used for heating and humidifying the gas prior to entering the tonometer chamber. The entire syringe is housed in a temperature controlled environment during equilibration. This environment allows observation of the entire tonometry process. After equilibration the syringe tonometer is easily removed from the heat controlled environment and is used as the sample's transport vessel. The syringe configuration allows easy entry of the sample into the target sytem, e.g. a blood gas analyzer.

Abstract translation: 可移动容器中气液平衡（眼压计）的方法和装置。 具体地，该方法和装置涉及注射器中血液或缓冲溶液的眼压测量。 当注射器柱塞部分地插入注射器筒中时形成的隔室用作眼压计室，其中已知组合物的气体通过液体样品鼓泡。 气体通过注射器柱塞的尖端中的小孔进入腔室，并向上通过样品。 注射器柱塞本身是在进入眼压计室之前用于加热和加湿气体的第二腔室。 整个注射器在平衡过程中处于温度控制环境中。 这种环境允许观察整个眼压测定过程。 平衡后，注射器眼压计很容易从热控环境中移除，并用作样品的运输容器。 注射器配置允许容易地将样品进入目标系统，例如， 血气分析仪。

公开(公告)号：US4221567A

公开(公告)日：1980-09-09

申请号：US863802

申请日：1977-12-23

Applicant: Justin S. Clark ,  William D. Wallace ,  Frederick L. Farr

Inventor： Justin S. Clark ,  William D. Wallace ,  Frederick L. Farr

IPC: A61B5/00 ,  G01N33/49 ,  G01N33/16

CPC classification number: A61B5/145 ,  A61B5/14528 ,  A61B5/14532 ,  A61B5/1495 ,  G01N33/4925

Abstract: Method and system for sampling and determining chemical substances such as blood gases, in a fluid matrix, such as blood, by bringing the chemical substances into equilibrium with a liquid in a fiber probe, passing the equilibrated liquid to a sensor adjacent the equilibrium region and on into a hollow fiber line enclosed in a calibration chamber. Calibration of the sensors is accomplished by reversing the flow of liquid from the hollow fiber line to the sensors. In the system chemical substances for sensor calibration are provided by an electric proportioner whose output is continuously controlled by the output of the sensors such that the substances proportioned into a fluid in the calibration chamber surrounding the hollow fiber line are substantially the same as the substances within the matrix. The concentration of substances is determined by the output of the sensors and the amount of substances fed from the proportioner to the fluid surrounding the hollow fiber line. When the substances being measured are in equilibrium with both the matrix and fluid surrounding the hollow fiber line, a null response is obtained at the sensors.

Abstract translation: 通过使化学物质与纤维探针中的液体平衡，将平衡的液体传递到邻近平衡区域的传感器，并在 插入到封闭在校准室中的中空纤维线中。 传感器的校准是通过将液体从中空纤维线路转向传感器来实现的。 在系统中，用于传感器校准的化学物质由电动配比器提供，电动配比器的输出由传感器的输出连续控制，使得在围绕中空纤维线的校准室中成比例的物质与物质内的物质基本相同 矩阵。 物质的浓度由传感器的输出和从配料器供给到围绕中空纤维线的流体的物质的量来确定。 当所测量的物质与基体和围绕中空纤维线的流体处于平衡时，在传感器处获得无效响应。

公开(公告)号：US4220162A

公开(公告)日：1980-09-02

申请号：US963393

申请日：1978-11-24

Applicant: Justin S. Clark ,  Frederick L. Farr

Inventor： Justin S. Clark ,  Frederick L. Farr

IPC: A61B5/083 ,  G01N1/24 ,  G01N33/497 ,  A61B5/08

CPC classification number: A61B5/097 ,  A61B5/083 ,  G01N33/497 ,  G01N2001/247

Abstract: An alveolar gas sampling system comprises a catheter adapted for placement in a patient's nostril or in an endotracheal tube and connected to a positive displacement pump through a three way valve. Signal means for detecting onset of inspiration and expiration is mounted at the tip of the catheter and connected to a controller. The positive displacement pump is driven by a reversible stepper motor actuated by the controller during the flow of alveolar air. When the desired amount of alveolar gas has been sampled, the stepper motor is reversed and the position of the valve is switched by the controller causing the alveolar gas collected in the positive displacement pump to be expelled for analysis.

Abstract translation: 肺泡气采样系统包括适于放置在患者鼻孔或气管内管中的导管，并通过三通阀连接到容积式泵。 用于检测吸气开始和呼气的信号装置安装在导管的尖端并连接到控制器。 正排量泵由在肺泡空气流动期间由控制器致动的可逆步进电机驱动。 当所需量的肺泡气体被采样时，步进电机反转，并且通过控制器切换阀的位置，使得收集在容积式泵中的肺泡气体被排出用于分析。

公开(公告)号：US5111817A

公开(公告)日：1992-05-12

申请号：US291769

申请日：1988-12-29

Applicant: Justin S. Clark ,  William D. Wallace

Inventor： Justin S. Clark ,  William D. Wallace

IPC: A61B5/00 ,  A61B5/0225 ,  A61B5/024

CPC classification number: A61B5/6826 ,  A61B5/02007 ,  A61B5/02255 ,  A61B5/02422 ,  A61B5/14551 ,  A61B5/14552 ,  A61B5/6814 ,  A61B5/6838

Abstract: A noninvasive system and method for monitoring arterial oxygen saturation levels which may also be used to continuously and noninvasively monitor blood pressure, including generating a continuous blood pressure waveform. The apparatus of the described embodiment includes a red LED and an infrared LED which are positioned to direct their respective light beams into, or reflected by a patient's body part. A phototransducer device is positioned to receive the light beams which are transmitted through the body part. A pressure cuff surrounds the body part and the LEDs. During calibration periods, pressure is applied to the body part and the systolic and mean blood pressures are determined and the arterial oxygen saturation level in the body part is determined. The pressure is then released from the body part and another arterial oxygen saturation level is determined and the difference between the two oxygen saturation levels is used as a calibration factor during later monitoring periods to remove the effect of nonarterial oxygen saturation levels on the values obtained during the subsequent monitoring period. The systolic and mean arterial pressures measured during a calibration period are used to develop a Hardy model compliance curve wherein the pressure-volume relationship of the arteries is determined. The modulation of the red LED light beam which strikes the photodetector, which corresponds to changes in arterial volume, can be used according to the Hardy model to continuously calculate a blood pressure waveform for the patient.

Abstract translation: 用于监测动脉血氧饱和度水平的非侵入性系统和方法，其也可用于连续和非侵入性地监测血压，包括产生连续的血压波形。 所描述的实施例的装置包括红色LED和红外LED，所述红色LED和红外LED被定位成将它们各自的光束引导到患者身体部分或由患者的身体部分反射。 光传感器装置被定位成接收透过身体部分的光束。 压力袖带围绕身体部位和LED。 在校准期间，对身体部位施加压力，并确定收缩压和平均血压，并确定身体部位的动脉血氧饱和度水平。 然后压力从身体部分释放，并且确定另一个动脉血氧饱和度水平，并且在后续监测期间将两个氧饱和度水平之间的差用作校准因子，以消除非动脉血氧饱和度水平对所获得的值的影响 随后的监测期。 在校准期间测量的收缩压和平均动脉压用于制定Hardy模型依从性曲线，其中确定动脉的压力 - 体积关系。 根据Hardy模型，可以使用与动脉体积变化相对应的光检测器的红色LED光束的调制，以连续计算患者的血压波形。

公开(公告)号：US4109505A

公开(公告)日：1978-08-29

申请号：US566023

申请日：1975-04-07

Applicant: Justin S. Clark ,  Lloyd G. Veasy

Inventor： Justin S. Clark ,  Lloyd G. Veasy

IPC: G01N33/483 ,  G01N35/00 ,  G01N27/26

CPC classification number: G01N35/00594 ,  G01N35/00693

Abstract: A system for automatically withdrawing blood from a patient and testing various parameters of the blood, such as oxygen saturation, hemoglobin, gas content (PO.sub.2, PCO.sub.2) and pH, includes a withdrawal unit which automatically withdraws a measured volume of blood, and returns all of it to the patient except a small measured quantity which is provided to an analysis unit that measures the gas content and pH. The withdrawal unit includes provision for continuously monitoring patients' blood pressure, irrigation from a standard I.V. source between blood withdrawals, or a constant low flush of saline, alternatively, as well as detection of any air in the blood, which results in shutting down the system and activating an air alarm. The withdrawal unit also has provision for automatically withdrawing a small sample of blood, measuring oxygen content, and returning all blood to the patient, all on a programmed basis. The analysis unit includes two-point gas and pH calibration and includes use of calibration fluid for washout. In each complete use cycle, blood from the withdrawal unit is washed into the analysis unit and blood in the analysis unit is moved and washed out using saline, water and calibration fluids. The withdrawal unit may be used alone to acquire blood samples, and the analysis unit may be fed by more than one withdrawal unit or by manually-acquired blood specimens.

Abstract translation: 用于自动从患者抽出血液并测试血液的各种参数（如氧饱和度，血红蛋白，气体含量（PO2，PCO2）和pH））的系统包括一个自动提取测量体积的血液的抽出单元，并返回所有 除了提供给测量气体含量和pH的分析单元的小的测量量之外，还提供给患者。 撤回单位包括持续监测患者的血压，从标准I.V.灌溉。 血液提取之间的来源，或盐水的恒定低冲洗，或者检测血液中的任何空气，导致关闭系统并启动空气报警器。 撤回单位还有一个规定，可以自动取出小样本的血液，测量氧气含量，并将所有血液全部以程序的方式归还给患者。 分析单元包括两点气体和pH校准，并包括使用校准液进行冲洗。 在每个完整的使用周期中，来自抽出单元的血液被洗涤到分析单元中，分析单元中的血液用盐水，水和校准液移动和洗涤。 取出单元可以单独使用以获取血液样品，并且分析单元可以由多于一个提取单元或通过手动获取的血液样品进料。

公开(公告)号：US6128518A

公开(公告)日：2000-10-03

申请号：US121000

申请日：1998-07-23

Applicant: Robert Gail Billings ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Ke-shieng Yang ,  Jon Neese ,  Allan L. Kaminsky

Inventor： Robert Gail Billings ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Ke-shieng Yang ,  Jon Neese ,  Allan L. Kaminsky

IPC: A61B5/053 ,  G01N27/02 ,  G01N33/487 ,  H04B10/18 ,  A61B5/05

CPC classification number: A61B5/4869 ,  A61B5/0537 ,  A61B5/14535 ,  H04B10/2519

Abstract: The hematocrit of blood (i.e., the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by red blood cells) perfusing a finger is determined by stimulating the finger with two current frequencies, one relatively high (e.g., 10 MHZ) and the other relatively low (e.g., 100 KHz). Voltages induced in the finger in response to the two current frequencies are then captured and separated into baseline and pulsatile components. The hematocrit is determined as a function of the ratio of the high frequency pulsatile component to the low frequency pulsatile component, multiplied by the ratio of the square of the low frequency baseline component to the square of the high frequency baseline component. The signal-to-noise ratio of the captured voltages can be enhanced by the application of external pressure to the finger, such as by applying a pressure cuff to the finger.

Abstract translation: 通过用两个当前频率（例如10MHZ）和另一个相对较低（例如，10MHz）刺激手指来确定灌注手指的血液血细胞比容（即，由红细胞占据的全血量的百分比） 100KHz）。 然后捕获并响应于两个当前频率在手指中感应的电压并将其分离成基线和脉动分量。 红细胞压积被确定为高频脉冲分量与低频脉冲分量的比率乘以低频基线分量的平方与高频基线分量的平方之比的函数。 通过对手指施加外部压力，例如通过对手指施加压力袖带，可以增强捕获的电压的信噪比。

公开(公告)号：US4221224A

公开(公告)日：1980-09-09

申请号：US920167

申请日：1978-06-29

Applicant: Justin S. Clark

Inventor： Justin S. Clark

IPC: A61B5/083 ,  G01N33/497 ,  A61B5/08

CPC classification number: G01N33/497 ,  A61B5/083

Abstract: A non-airtight method for determining alveolar ventilation, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production which comprises introducing a known amount of an inert gas into the airway of a patient during inspiration and monitoring the expired gas until a steady state is reached wherein the volume of inert gas inhaled is equal to the amount exhaled and subsequently monitoring the expired air containing a known volume of inert gas for inert gas, carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations.

Abstract translation: 用于确定肺泡通气，吸氧和二氧化碳产生的非气密方法，其包括在吸气期间将已知量的惰性气体引入患者的气道并监测呼气，直到达到稳定状态，其中惰性体积 吸入的气体等于呼出量，随后监测含惰性气体，二氧化碳和氧气浓度的已知体积惰性气体的呼出空气。

公开(公告)号：US06766191B1

公开(公告)日：2004-07-20

申请号：US09571459

申请日：2000-05-16

Applicant: Robert Gail Billings ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Jon Neese

Inventor： Robert Gail Billings ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Jon Neese

IPC: A61B500

CPC classification number: H04J14/0221 ,  A61B5/0537 ,  A61B5/14535 ,  A61B5/4869 ,  H04B10/077 ,  H04B10/07955 ,  H04B10/2519 ,  H04B10/2941

Abstract: The hematocrit of blood (i.e., the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by red blood cells) perfusing a finger is determined by stimulating the finger with two current frequencies, one relatively high (e.g., 10 MHZ) and the other relatively low (e.g., 100 KHz). Voltages induced in the finger in response to the two current frequencies are then captured and separated into baseline and pulsatile components. The hematocrit is determined as a function of the ratio of the high frequency pulsatile component to the low frequency pulsatile component, multiplied by the ratio of the square of the low frequency baseline component to the square of the high frequency baseline component. The volume of blood perfusing the body part at which hematocrit is to be measured may be increased on each pulse by the application of external pressure to the finger, such as by applying a pressure cuff to the finger. Assemblages including two pairs of electrodes are used to effect the determination of hematocrit. The assemblages may also include a component for applying pressure to the body part at which hematocrit is measured.

Abstract translation: 通过用两个当前频率（例如10MHZ）和另一个相对较低（例如，10MHz）刺激手指来确定灌注手指的血液血细胞比容（即，由红细胞占据的全血量的百分比） 100KHz）。 然后捕获并响应于两个当前频率在手指中感应的电压并将其分离成基线和脉动分量。 红细胞压积被确定为高频脉冲分量与低频脉冲分量的比率乘以低频基线分量的平方与高频基线分量的平方之比的函数。 通过对手指施加外部压力，例如通过对手指施加压力袖带，可以在每个脉冲上灌注要测量血细胞比容的身体部位的血液的体积。 包括两对电极的组合用于确定血细胞比容。 组合件还可以包括用于向身体部分施加压力以用于测量血细胞比容的部件。

公开(公告)号：US4847493A

公开(公告)日：1989-07-11

申请号：US107283

申请日：1987-10-09

Applicant: Ingvar E. Sodal ,  Ronald R. Bowman ,  Jerritt Hansell ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Michael J. Criddle

Inventor： Ingvar E. Sodal ,  Ronald R. Bowman ,  Jerritt Hansell ,  Justin S. Clark ,  Michael J. Criddle

IPC: H01J49/26

CPC classification number: H01J49/26

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for calibrating a mass spectrometer. The calibration hardware includes a relatively small, relatively low pressurized tank for containing calibration gas. The calibration gas tank is preferably located inside the same housing that contains the ion source assembly and the analyzing section of the mass spectrometer. Each of the calibration gas and sample gas, whose components are to be determined, communicates with its own associated valve. These two valves control the flow of a selected one of the sample gas and the calibration gas to the ion source assembly. The calibration gas valve has an extremely low leakage rate and can be controlled to permit the passage of very low flow rates of calibration gas, which can be of benefit in checking the linearity associated with the ion source assembly pressure. For each calibration procedure, very small amounts of calibration gas are utilized, in a range around 10.sup.-5 STD cc. A related method for conditioning an electron multiplier device is also disclosed in which the gain of one or more selected channels thereof is modified so that the output signal strengths of the device are comparable in magnitude. Calibration of the mass spectrometer occurs frequently and automatically. In one emobodiment, the mass spectrometer calibration is a direct function of each mass spectrometer measurement. Consequently, improved accuracy and heightened sensitivity are achieved in the mass spectrometer, while reducing the use or loss of valuable calibration gas.

Abstract translation: 提供了用于校准质谱仪的装置和方法。 校准硬件包括用于容纳校准气体的相对较小的相对较低的加压罐。 校准气罐优选位于包含离子源组件和质谱仪的分析部分的同一壳体的内部。 校准气体和样品气体（其组分要确定）与其自身相关的阀连通。 这两个阀控制选定的一个样品气体和校准气体到离子源组件的流动。 校准气阀具有非常低的泄漏率，并且可以被控制以允许非常低的校准气体流量的通过，这对于检查与离子源组件压力相关联的线性度是有益的。 对于每个校准程序，使用非常少量的校准气体，在10-5 STD cc范围内。 还公开了一种用于调节电子倍增器装置的相关方法，其中修改其一个或多个选定通道的增益，使得该装置的输出信号强度的幅度相当。 质谱仪的校准频繁且自动进行。 在一个实例中，质谱仪校准是每个质谱仪测量的直接函数。 因此，在质谱仪中实现了提高的精度和提高的灵敏度，同时减少了有价值的校准气体的使用或损失。

公开(公告)号：US4062373A

公开(公告)日：1977-12-13

申请号：US790437

申请日：1977-04-25

Applicant: Justin S. Clark ,  Wm. Dean Wallace

Inventor： Justin S. Clark ,  Wm. Dean Wallace

IPC: B01F3/02 ,  G05D11/13 ,  G05D11/03

CPC classification number: B01F3/026 ,  G05D11/132 ,  Y10T137/0329 ,  Y10T137/0352 ,  Y10T137/86461 ,  Y10T137/87692

Abstract: A method of accurately mixing gases in desired proportions which comprises establishing the gases to be mixed at a uniform pressure; sequentially feeding the gases through a common restrictor for proportionate time periods to give the gas mix desired. The apparatus used includes a pressurizing gas reservoir unit which adjusts all gases to be mixed to have a common pressure; electronically actuated rapid response fluidic interface valves; a common restrictor through which the gases are passed to a receiving and mixing chamber; and timing means controlling the valves to allow gases to be sequentially passed therethrough for pre-set time periods.

Abstract translation: 一种以所需比例精确混合气体的方法，其中包括以均匀的压力建立要混合的气体; 按比例的时间间隔顺序地供给气体通过公共节流器，以获得所需的气体混合物。 所使用的装置包括加压气体储存单元，其调节要混合的所有气体以具有共同的压力; 电子快速响应流体界面阀; 一个通用的限制器，气体通过该限制器通过接收和混合室; 并且定时装置控制阀以允许气体顺序地通过其中预设的时间段。