公开(公告)号：US20090178488A1

公开(公告)日：2009-07-16

申请号：US12014153

申请日：2008-01-15

申请人： James A. Kuzdrall

发明人： James A. Kuzdrall

IPC分类号： G01N3/20

CPC分类号： G01B11/161 ,  G01J5/061 ,  G01J5/38 ,  G01K5/58 ,  G01R33/04 ,  G05D23/27541

摘要： The method and apparatus employ a resilient element having end definition points that are constrained between stops spaced apart at a separation S. The separation S is less than a free length L between the end definition points when not constrained, causing the resilient element to bow and resulting in a displacement m of a central region of the resilient element. The displacement m changes responsive to the net change in the separation S and the free length L. When the geomtery is set such that the displacement m is very small, a relatively large change in displacement m results from small net changes. The change in the displacement m can be monitored to provide a micro strain gauge. The stops can be mounted to a substrate which differs from the resilient element in its response to a selected environmental stimulus to provide a sensor for the environmental stimulus.

摘要翻译： 该方法和装置采用弹性元件，该弹性元件具有约束在间隔S间隔开的止挡件之间的端部定义点。当不限制时，分离部分S小于端部定义点之间的自由长度L，导致弹性元件弓形 导致弹性元件的中心区域的位移m。 位移m响应于分离S和自由长度L的净变化而变化。当设置地质运动以使得位移m非常小时，位移m的相对较大的变化来自小的净变化。 可以监测位移m的变化以提供微应变计。 止动件可以安装到与弹性元件不同的基板，其响应于所选择的环境刺激，以提供用于环境刺激的传感器。

公开(公告)号：US07707896B2

公开(公告)日：2010-05-04

申请号：US12014153

申请日：2008-01-15

申请人： James A. Kuzdrall

发明人： James A. Kuzdrall

IPC分类号： G01N3/20

CPC分类号： G01B11/161 ,  G01J5/061 ,  G01J5/38 ,  G01K5/58 ,  G01R33/04 ,  G05D23/27541

摘要： The method and apparatus employ a resilient element having end definition points that are constrained between stops spaced apart at a separation S. The separation S is less than a free length L between the end definition points when not constrained, causing the resilient element to bow and resulting in a displacement m of a central region of the resilient element. The displacement m changes responsive to the net change in the separation S and the free length L. When the geometry is set such that the displacement m is very small, a relatively large change in displacement m results from small net changes. The change in the displacement m can be monitored to provide a micro strain gauge. The stops can be mounted to a substrate which differs from the resilient element in its response to a selected environmental stimulus to provide a sensor for the environmental stimulus.

摘要翻译： 该方法和装置采用弹性元件，该弹性元件具有约束在间隔S间隔开的止挡件之间的端部定义点。当不限制时，分离部分S小于端部定义点之间的自由长度L，导致弹性元件弓形 导致弹性元件的中心区域的位移m。 位移m响应于分离S和自由长度L的净变化而变化。当设置几何形状使得位移m非常小时，位移m的相对较大的变化是由于净变化的小。 可以监测位移m的变化以提供微应变计。 止动件可以安装到与弹性元件不同的基板，其响应于所选择的环境刺激，以提供用于环境刺激的传感器。

公开(公告)号：US06190377B1

公开(公告)日：2001-02-20

申请号：US09305656

申请日：1999-05-05

申请人： James A. Kuzdrall

发明人： James A. Kuzdrall

IPC分类号： A61B1818

CPC分类号： A61B18/203 ,  A61B18/20 ,  A61B2017/00066 ,  A61B2017/00084 ,  A61B2018/00452 ,  A61B2018/00458 ,  A61B2018/00642 ,  A61B2018/00714 ,  A61B2018/00791

摘要： A method and apparatus is disclosed for predicting an effective and safe laser light energy range for sub-epidermal laser surgery. The method is especially useful in controlling beam energy during the treatment of PWS. The method is accomplished by first impinging a measurement laser pulse on a predetermined treatment area, wherein the measurement laser pulse has an energy below a predetermined threshold of coagulation and below a predetermined threshold of skin damage. The thermal emission caused by the measurement laser pulse emanating from the treatment area is then detected and the delay time from the measurement laser pulse to the detection of the thermal emission is measured. The rise rate of the thermal emission is then measured. The layer thickness is then calculated based upon the delay time, wherein the layer thickness is substantially the epidermal thickness. An internal measurement temperature rise is calculated based upon the layer thickness and the rise rate. Finally, the energy of the measurement laser pulse is multiplied by a minimum scaling ratio to obtain a minimum laser treatment energy, wherein the minimum scaling ratio is the known coagulation temperature divided by the internal measurement temperature rise, and the energy of the measurement laser pulse is multiplied by a maximum scaling ratio to obtain a maximum laser treatment energy, wherein the maximum scaling ratio is the known skin damage threshold temperature divided by the measurement temperature rise.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于预测用于次表皮激光手术的有效和安全的激光光能量范围的方法和装置。 该方法在PWS处理过程中特别适用于控制束能。 该方法通过首先将测量激光脉冲冲击到预定的处理区域来实现，其中测量激光脉冲具有低于预定凝固阈值的能量并且低于预定的皮肤损伤阈值。 然后检测从处理区域发出的测量激光脉冲引起的热发射，并测量从测量激光脉冲到热发射检测的延迟时间。 然后测量热发射的上升率。 然后基于延迟时间计算层厚度，其中层厚度基本上是表皮厚度。 基于层厚度和上升率计算内部测量温度上升。 最后，将测量激光脉冲的能量乘以最小比例比，以获得最小激光处理能量，其中最小缩放比是已知的凝结温度除以内部测量温度上升，测量激光脉冲的能量 乘以最大比例比以获得最大激光处理能量，其中最大缩放比是已知皮肤损伤阈值温度除以测量温度上升。

公开(公告)号：US5574287A

公开(公告)日：1996-11-12

申请号：US359511

申请日：1994-12-20

申请人： James A. Kuzdrall

发明人： James A. Kuzdrall

IPC分类号： G01J1/44 ,  G01J1/02

CPC分类号： G01J1/44

摘要： A non-zero feedback radiant flux reduces a radiant flux sensor's primary response excursion by keeping the total radiant flux on the sensor virtually constant. An increase in signal radiant flux is countered by a virtually equal decrease in feedback radiant flux. Reduced primary response excursion suppresses the effects of energy storage mechanisms within the sensor. Smaller response excursions decrease the sensor's response time and nonlinearity. Since many radiant flux feedback sources are virtually noiseless, radiant flux feedback does not degrade the sensor's Noise Figure.

摘要翻译： 非零反馈辐射通量通过将传感器上的总辐射通量几乎保持不变来减少辐射通量传感器的主要响应偏移。 信号辐射通量的增加被反馈辐射通量几乎相等的减小所抵消。 降低的主要响应偏移抑制了传感器内储能机构的影响。 较小的响应偏差会降低传感器的响应时间和非线性。 由于许多辐射通量反馈源实际上是无噪声的，辐射通量反馈不会降低传感器的噪声系数。

公开(公告)号：US4401104A

公开(公告)日：1983-08-30

申请号：US236121

申请日：1981-02-19

申请人： James A. Kuzdrall

发明人： James A. Kuzdrall

IPC分类号： G01R19/14 ,  G05D23/24 ,  F24J3/02

CPC分类号： G01R19/14 ,  G05D23/1924 ,  G05D23/24

摘要： The thermal gain sensor detects, by a simplified method, the direction of net energy flow through a fluid-separation barrier (window). In particular, the sensor determines a balance point above which the radiant energy (solar, microwave, X-ray, etc.) gained through the barrier exceeds the energy lost through the barrier from the combined effects of convection and conduction.One application of the thermal gain sensor pertains to a solar energy collector or solar heated room. The sensor controls movable insulation panels or curtains which reduce the energy flow through the collector window (barrier) when the energy flow is in the wrong direction. The sensor may be used to either maximize or minimize the energy in the collector or room.The sensor simulates the absorptivity and convection loss of the controlled environment by means of an insulated, darkened disk slightly spaced from the barrier surface. Operation is independent of the temperatures on either side of the barrier, the width, thickness, and composition of the barrier, and, in practice, the height of the barrier. Operation is also independent of the nature of the fluid outside the barrier, and the sensor can be configured to operate with any type of fluid in the controlled environment.

摘要翻译： 热增益传感器通过简化的方法检测通过流体隔离屏障（窗口）的净能量流动的方向。 特别地，传感器确定平衡点，高于该平衡点，通过阻挡层获得的辐射能（太阳能，微波，X射线等）从对流和传导的组合效应超过阻挡层损失的能量。 热增益传感器的一个应用涉及太阳能收集器或太阳能加热室。 当能量流向错误的方向时，传感器控制可移动的隔离板或窗帘，减少通过收集器窗口（阻挡层）的能量流。 传感器可用于使收集器或房间中的能量最大化或最小化。 传感器通过与阻挡表面稍微间隔开的绝缘的暗色盘模拟受控环境的吸收率和对流损失。 操作与屏障两侧的温度，屏障的宽度，厚度和组成无关，实际上与屏障的高度无关。 操作也独立于屏障之外的流体的性质，并且传感器可以被配置为在受控环境中与任何类型的流体一起操作。