摘要:
A method and an apparatus determine a content of a foreign gas in a process liquid in which a measurement gas, especially CO2, has been dissolved. A concentration of the measurement gas is ascertained and a concentration of the gas mixture formed by the measurement gas and the foreign gas is ascertained, especially via a manometric measurement method. The measurement values are supplied to an evaluation unit. A concentration of the foreign gas is determined on the basis of the ascertained concentration of the measurement gas and the ascertained concentration of the gas mixture.
摘要:
An X-ray beam generating system including an X-ray source for generating an original primary X-ray beam, an optics system including a first optics component and at least one second optics component which are movable relative to the X-ray source in order either to bring the first optics component into interaction with the original primary X-ray beam, whereupon a first primary X-ray beam is generated which is deflected at a first deflection angle, or to bring the second optics component into interaction with the original primary X-ray beam, whereupon a second primary X-ray beam is generated which is deflected at a second deflection angle, and a rotating device to rotate the X-ray beam generating system through either a first rotation angle or a second rotation angle to allow either the first primary X-ray beam or the second primary X-ray beam to impinge on a sample region.
摘要:
A method for determining the sticky point of powder samples includes introducing a sample into a first measuring part, placing a second measuring part above the first measuring part to delimit a sample chamber, using a motor to drive the measuring parts relative to one another, using a force application unit to exert a force on the sample normal to a rotational plane of the measuring parts, using a measuring unit to record a torque or shear stress of the sample between the measuring parts, using a temperature-control unit or oven to apply a temperature profile to the sample while measuring the torque or shear stress, and supplying recorded measured values of the torque or shear stress and the sample temperature at measuring points to an evaluation unit. The evaluation unit determines the sticky point from the measured values of the torque or shear stress and the temperature.
摘要:
A measuring device for thermal analysis of a sample is described, the measuring device comprising: (i) a sample receptacle for receiving the sample, (ii) a heating device for increasing the temperature of the sample receptacle, (iii) a cooling device for reducing the temperature of the sample receptacle, and (iv) a heat transport element having a thermal resistance and being arranged between the heating device and the cooling device such that a heat flow between the heating device and the cooling device via the heat transport element is enabled. Further, the measuring device v) comprises an electrothermal transducer arranged between the heat transport element and the cooling device such that operating the electrothermal transducer adjusts the heat flow through the heat transport element.
摘要:
An arrangement for heating a sample by microwave radiation is provided. The arrangement includes a container having an inner space for accommodating the sample and having a bottom container wall, a wave guide arranged to guide a microwave having an electric field direction, a waveguide adapter being adapted to couple the microwave from the wave guide into the inner space of the container via the bottom container wall being oriented to be different from perpendicular to, in particular substantially parallel to, the electric field vector direction.
摘要:
A microwave heating system comprises a bowl, dome and rotor device. The dome is fit to the bowl. The bowl and dome form a volume. The bowl is connected to a microwave source such that a microwave field is supplied to the volume. The microwave field is attenuated in a region between the rotor device and the dome compared to a region between the bowl and the rotor device. The rotor device is rotatably supported by the bowl and supports a reaction vessel. The rotor device includes a base plate with a through-hole and a tubular member that receives the reaction vessel. The base plate and tubular member are metal. The rotor device is coupled to the base plate so that a longitudinal axis of the tubular member passes through the through-hole.
摘要:
A dynamic light scattering apparatus includes a source configured for irradiating a sample with primary electromagnetic radiation, a detector configured for detecting secondary electromagnetic radiation generated by scattering the primary electromagnetic radiation at the sample, a refraction index determination unit including a movable optical element and configured to determine information indicative of a refraction index of the sample based on measurements of the secondary electromagnetic radiation for a plurality of different positions of the movable optical element, and a particle size determining unit configured to determine information indicative of particle size of particles in the sample by analyzing the detected secondary electromagnetic radiation and taking into account the refraction index determined by the refraction index determining unit.
摘要:
An optical measuring system measures polarization optical properties of a sample. The system includes (a) a light source that emits measuring light along an optical axis of an analysis beam path, (b) a polarization state generator, arranged downstream with respect to the light source in the analysis beam path which provides light with a defined polarization state, (c) a sample holder, arranged downstream with respect to the polarization state generator in the analysis beam path which accommodates the sample, (d) a polarization state analyzer, arranged downstream with respect to the sample holder in the analysis beam path which measures the polarization state of the measuring light after passing through the sample, and (e) a mechanical support structure, at which at least the polarization state generator, the sample holder and the polarization state analyzer are directly attached. Also described is a method for producing such an optical measuring system.
摘要:
A rotary rheometer has two measurement parts which delimit a measurement gap and can be moved relative to one another in a predetermined movement direction by an adjustment device. At least one switching unit is provided, which responds to changes in a force flow in a force circuit of the rotary rheometer delimited by the measurement parts and has switching contacts for the activation of an adjustment device, which stops the adjustment device when a predetermined limit force value is exceeded for the force flow in the positive or negative direction, optionally without relative movement of the measurement parts, or with the measurement parts remaining in the same position.
摘要:
An ATR sensor has a housing and sensor components in the housing including an electromagnetic radiation source for emitting a predefined wavelength range, a reflection body permeable for radiation and contactable with a fluid to be evaluated, and a detector for the reflected radiation as well as other members for conducting the measurement and for operation. The sensor is particularly suited for measuring a CO2 content of a fluid. Before sealing the housing in a gas-tight manner, in particular for avoiding a measurement value drift and for keeping the radiation paths free of CO2, a CO2 getter material is introduced into the housing and/or into a receiving space of an additional housing that communicates with the interior space of the housing before sealing the interior space and/or the receiving space.