Compositions, implantation devices and methods for stimulating an immune response to infection are discussed. In some examples, the compositions, implantation devices or methods of regulating the amplification of an adaptive immune response to infection involves use of one or more particles locally at a surgical or implant site to control bacterial infections without detrimental systemic side-effects. In some examples, the particles can be coated or layered onto the surface of an implantable device or material. In other examples, the particles can be injected into the site of implantation.