The photovoltaic cell includes a silicon substrate, a first passivation layer, a second passivation layer, at least one silicon oxynitride layer, and at least one silicon nitride layer. The second passivation layer includes a first silicon oxide layer and at least one aluminum oxide layer, a ratio of the number of oxide atoms to the number of aluminum atoms in the at least one aluminum oxide layer is greater than 0.8 and less than 1.6. The number of silicon atoms is greater than the number of oxygen atoms in the at least one silicon oxynitride layer and the number of oxygen atoms is greater than the number of nitrogen atoms in the at least one silicon oxynitride layer. A ratio of the number of silicon atoms to the number of nitrogen atoms in the at least one silicon nitride layer is greater than 1 and less than 4.