The present disclosure belongs to the technical field of polymer materials, and in particular relates to a chain extender and a preparation method and application thereof, a recyclable thermosetting polyurethane and a preparation method thereof. The present disclosure provides a chain extender whose chemical formula is shown in formula I. The chain extender provided by the present disclosure contains two types of dynamic covalent bonds, and the total number of dynamic covalent bonds is 4. The thermosetting polyurethane prepared by the provided chain extender has better hot-pressing repair efficiency. The results of the examples show that under the same hot-pressing conditions, the repair efficiency of the thermosetting polyurethane prepared by the 4,4′-dithiodianiline chain extender is 59%. The repair efficiency of thermosetting polyurethane is 97%, which is significantly improved.