The invention provides an engine test data management system and an operation method. The engine test data management system comprises the following modules: a data acquisition module, a data transmission module, a data processing module, a data monitoring module and a data analysis and evaluation module. Test data enter a data transmission system based on a switch and a UDP (user datagram protocol) through a client of the acquisition module so as to achieve high-speed real-time transmission of large-batch test data, the client is applied to read the data from the network in real time in distributed network architecture, and a series of test-related operations of rapid processing of test data, fault diagnosis, automatic generation of data reports, storage and management of the test data, statistical analysis and the like can be carried out at the same time. The whole system has the advantages of being good in expandability, good in stability, good in reliability, good in real-time performance and the like, so that multi-application real-time synchronous processing and analysis of engine test data can be realized, and also, field technical support can be provided for management anddisplay of the test data.