The invention provides a method for controlling structural damage of high-energy ball milling mixed powder graphene to improve the performance of a composite material. The method for controlling the structural damage of the high-energy ball milling mixed powder graphene to improve the performance of the composite material comprises the steps that graphene, polyvinylpyrrolidone and water are used as raw materials to obtain graphene covered with the polyvinylpyrrolidone, then the graphene covered with the polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with metal powder, and the graphene enhanced metal matrix composite material is obtained sequentially subjected to high-energy ball milling mixed powder, calcinations and powder sintering. According to the method for controlling the structural damage of the high-energy ball milling mixed powder graphene to improve the performance of the composite material, the damage of high-energy ball milling to the graphene structure is greatly reduced by using the protecting action of the polyvinylpyrrolidone, the prepared graphene enhanced metal matrix composite material shows good dynamic and physical properties, and meanwhile, the polyvinylpyrrolidone has extremely low virulence and physiological sluggishness and is easy to be removed.