The invention discloses a preparation method of a carburization-reinforced bionic structure based on pulsed arcs. According to the preparation method, a graphite electrode is adopted as the anode, a pulsed power supply is utilized to generate the pulsed arcs, arc reinforcing is conducted on the surface of an alloy substrate, and an anode carbon source leaves from the surface of the electrode at ahigh speed and at the high temperature along the arcs and meanwhile impacts the surface of the substrate in an orientated mode along a flow field formed by the arcs; and the substrate forms small molten baths under the effect of the arcs, thus carbon enters the substrate to complete carburization, the circular pit-shaped pulsed molten baths are left, and the multiple molten baths are overlaid to form a scale-like bionic structure. According to the preparation method, the microstructure and residual stress of a reinforced bionic area are comprehensively adjusted and controlled, surface carburization is conducted to improve hardness, through the scale-like bionic structure, the contact face is reduced, friction resistance is lowered, the anti-abrasion property of a material can be improved remarkably through combination of surface carburization and the scale-like bionic structure, and particularly, as for application to the abrasive particle abrasion environment, the service life can beprolonged well.