The invention discloses a lithium ion battery energy storage rapid heat dissipation device and method based on phase change heat exchange. The device comprises a box body, a battery pack, a heat conduction pipe and a phase change heat exchange module; flowing heat conduction liquid is arranged in the heat conduction pipe; the heat conduction pipe is a closed loop; the heat conduction pipe is in close contact with the surface of the battery pack in the battery box body, carries out heat conduction by the outer wall of the heat conduction pipe and transfers heat to the heat conduction liquid inside the heat conduction pipe; the heat conduction pipe carries out heat exchange with a phase change material in the phase change heat exchange module so as to transfer the heat in the heat conductionliquid to the phase change material; the phase change material for carrying out heat exchange with the heat conduction pipe is arranged in the phase change heat exchange module; the heat conduction pipe is arranged in the phase change heat exchange module according to a preset rule and is in close contact with the phase change material; and according to the device and the method, the phase changematerial is indirectly applied to heat dissipation of the battery pack by the heat conduction liquid and the heat conduction pipe, the intrinsic characteristics of the phase change material are played, and rapid heat dissipation is implemented.