The invention provides a material conveying system and a material conveying method. The material conveying system comprises a material conveying robot and a vertical conveyer. The material conveying robot is provided with a telescopic platform assembly. A second sliding platform used for holding materials can completely extend out of a robot body. Two supporting seats are arranged on a lifting platform of the vertical conveyer. An insertion station is arranged between the two supporting seats. The material conveying method comprises the steps that the material conveying robot obtains materialcarriers, the second sliding platform and the material carriers extend out of the body and extend into the first lifting space from an overall opening, and the second sliding platform is located in the insertion station; the lifting platform rises, the supporting seats bear the material carrier, and the material carrier leaves the second sliding platform. The material conveying robot can achieve carrier handover without entering the vertical conveyer; the lifting platform achieves conveyance of the multiple material carriers, the multiple material carriers enter the material conveying robot orare recycled at the same time, so that the work frequency of the material conveying robot is lowered, and the conveyance capacity is increased; and conveyance is stable, the applicability is high, and the work efficiency is high.