The invention discloses a method for preparing an adsorption material from fine coal gasification slag. The method comprises the following steps: 1, taking a proper amount of the fine coal gasification slag, and adding water to prepare a fine coal gasification slag slurry with the solid content being 10-30 wt%; 2, fully stirring the slurry prepared in step 1, performing gravity cyclone separation,collecting the obtained heavy separation product to obtain a silicon-rich composite slurry, and collecting the obtained light separation product to obtain a carbon-rich composite slurry; and 3, carrying out solid-liquid separation and drying on the carbon-rich composite slurry to obtain the carbon-rich adsorption material, and further preparing other products from the remaining silicon-rich composite slurry. The method realizes the high-added value recycling of the fine coal gasification slag.