Disclosed are a porous carbon-supported Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst, a preparation method therefor, and the use thereof. The catalyst comprises an active phase metal and a porous carbon support, wherein the porous carbon support is porous graphite or a graphene nanocapsule; the active phase metal is entrapped within a cavity of the porous graphite or the graphene nanocapsule; and the active phase metal is at least one selected from the transition metals in Group VIIIB.