The invention discloses an anti-explosion detection system and method of a coal mill, and belongs to the technical field of coal mills. The anti-explosion detection system comprises an inlet hot air pipe, a coal dust outlet pipeline and a raw coal inlet which are all located on the coal mill. The anti-explosion detection system further comprises an inert gas pipeline, a hot air temperature sensor, a sampling pipe and a raw coal inlet pressure sensor; the inlet hot air pipe is provided with the hot air temperature sensor; the inert gas pipeline communicates with the inlet hot air pipe; the coal dust output pipeline is provided with the sampling pipe; the raw coal inlet is provided with the raw coal inlet pressure sensor; and the hot air temperature sensor, the sampling pipe and the raw coal inlet pressure sensor are all connected with a control center. Aiming at the problem that in CO content detection of a coal mill in the prior art, the CO content detection is inaccurate due to the fact that coal dust is stacked on a detection probe, through the anti-explosion detection system and method of the coal mill, the problem that the CO content detection is inaccurate due to stacking of the coal dust can be solved, the content of CO in the coal mill can be detected more accurately, and spontaneous combustion and explosion of the coal mill are prevented.