The invention discloses a testing system and method for the split resilient modulus of a pavement material. The system comprises a test piece of the pavement material and further comprises a multi-functional MTS (material testing system), a front resistance strain gauge, a back resistance strain gauge, a strain acquisition instrument and a data processing terminal. The method comprises steps as follows: radial symmetric loading is performed on the test piece by the aid of the multi-functional MTS, the resistance strain gauges are bonded to positions, perpendicular to the loading direction, in the center of the test piece and are used for measuring the tension strain in the horizontal direction of the positions, the tension strain is substituted into a split resilient modulus computation formula, and the more accurate split resilient modulus can be obtained. With the adoption of the improved testing method, the more accurate horizontal resilient strain of a specific test part of the test piece and the resilient modulus corresponding to the horizontal resilient strain can be obtained, the computation error caused by integral statistical averaging of deformation is avoided, the testing accuracy and the testing efficiency of the pavement material are improved, and more accurate structural design parameters can be provided for scientific design of a durable pavement.