The invention discloses a shielding failure prevention lightning rod automatic mounting and dismounting robot and a method. The robot comprises a robot body, pressing mechanisms and a shielding failure prevention lightning rod mounting and dismounting mechanism, wherein the robot body comprises a main body frame, a travelling mechanism which is operated along a lightning conductor is mounted in the main body frame and a video monitoring device having the video real-time monitoring function is mounted in front of the main body frame; the pressing mechanisms are mounted on the two sides of the bottom of the robot body; each pressing mechanism comprises a pressing part, and the pressing part is driven by a driving device to move up and down so as to achieve the functions of assisting the robot in travelling and preventing the robot from off-line falling; the shielding failure prevention lightning rod mounting and dismounting mechanism comprises a connecting part mounted at the front end of the main body frame and a supporting part which is mounted on the pressing mechanisms and is capable of moving up and down along with the pressing mechanisms; the supporting part is used for supporting a shielding failure prevention lightning rod; and the connecting part is used for being in butt-joint with the shielding failure prevention lightning rod.