The invention discloses a wave energy conversion device based on self-adaptation limiting wing plates. The wave energy conversion device comprises a heaving floating body and a wave energy absorption and conversion mechanism connected to the lower portion of the heaving floating body. The wave energy absorption and conversion mechanism comprises an electricity generator, a forward rotation absorber and a backward rotation absorber, wherein the forward rotation absorber and the backward rotation absorber rotate in the opposite directions along with the heaving motion of the heaving floating body. The forward rotation absorber comprises a forward rotating wheel, the forward limiting wing plate and a forward wing plate limiting component. When the forward limiting wing plate abuts against the forward wing plate limiting component, the forward rotating wheel is driven to rotate. The backward rotation absorber comprises a backward rotating wheel, the backward limiting wing plate and a backward wing plate limiting component. When the backward limiting wing plate abuts against the backward wing plate limiting component, the backward rotating wheel is driven to rotate. The forward rotating wheel is fixedly connected with a shell of the electricity generator, and the backward rotating wheel is connected with a rotating shaft of the electricity generator. The wave energy conversion device has the beneficial effects that the structure is simple, the energy absorption and conversion efficiency is high, and the requirement for energy of deep sea detection equipment can be met.