Provided is a coal mining machine position monitoring device based on ultra-narrow pulse technology. The device comprises positioning base stations and positioning labels, the positioning base stations send ultra-narrow pulse electromagnetic wave signals, and the positioning labels are arranged on coal mining machines and used for receiving the ultra-narrow pulse electromagnetic wave signals and feeding back the signals to the positioning base stations. According to the device, defects of signal reflection absorption, multipath fading, and field intensity obstruction in the technology of pre-estimating the distance via the received signal strength during wirelessly positioning the position of the coal mining machines in the prior art are overcome, the problem of position detection of the coal mining machine in a coal mine underground severe environment is solved, the positioning precision of the underground coal mining machine reaches 10 cm grade and is free of the influence of support spacing, and system errors are eliminated; and the positioning device principle is advantaged by high anti-interference and wide coverage.