The invention relates to the technical field of chemical ore dressing and hydrometallurgy and discloses a method for enriching valuable components from micro-fine settled sludge. The method comprises the steps of ore pulp making, first-section reverse leaching with diluted hydrochloric acid, second-section reverse leaching with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the like, wherein through the first-section reverse leaching with diluted hydrochloric acid, carbonate in gangue is dissolved into ore pulp, and the leached metal copper ions are preferentially vulcanized and precipitated in the ore pulp in the condition of appropriate acidity according to the solubility product of metal sulfide; then, through the second-section reverse leaching with concentrated hydrochloric acid, oxide in the ore pulp is further dissolved, and the separation of leaching liquid and leaching residue is realized through settling and filtering; and finally, copper, gold and silver are enriched in the leaching residue, and the loss of the copper metal in the leaching liquid is avoided. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the valuable components such as copper, gold and silver are enriched in the leaching residue by the technology of first-section reverse leaching with diluted hydrochloric acid, reverse precipitation with copper sulfide and second-section reverse leaching with concentrated hydrochloric acid so that the intractable micro-fine settled sludge is comprehensively recycled, and the resources are saved.