The invention discloses a method for preparing an anisotropic photonic crystal and relates to anisotropic photonic crystals. The method comprises the following steps: (1) adding a hydrophilic monomer, a hydrophobic monomer and a cross-linking agent into a solvent, introducing nitrogen, heating, carrying out a polymerization reaction, adding an initiator solution, further introducing nitrogen for reacting, thereby obtaining monodisperse special-shaped polymeric microspheres; and (2) dispersing the monodisperse special-shaped polymeric microspheres prepared in the step (1) into water, thus obtaining polymeric microsphere emulsion; putting a glass sheet into the polymeric microsphere emulsion, thereby obtaining the anisotropic photonic crystal after the moisture is completely volatilized. According to the addition of the cross-linking agent, cross-linking is performed inside a macromolecular chain, anisotropic microspheres of irregular shapes which are different from the previous microspheres are formed, the operating process is simple and feasible, and the obtained special-shaped microspheres are strictly monodisperse. The polymeric microspheres of special core-shell structures are prepared by polymerizing soap-free emulsion in one step, the operating process is simple and feasible, the produced polymeric microspheres do not contain any impurities such as a surfactant and a buffer agent, the product is pure, and the particle size is controllable.