A multi-agent target tracking global positioning system and method based on video stitching. The system comprises a mobile robot, an image acquisition module, an algorithm processing module, a communication module and a host computer. The positioning method comprises: acquiring image information of a lower platform by using a USB camera, stitching the acquired image information by a video stitching algorithm to obtain a panorama of the multi-agent simulation platform, performing target tracking positioning by Camshift target tracking algorithm, and finally sending the acquired agent position information to the agent through broadcasting. The system and method of the invention have the advantages of large positioning space, high image stitching accuracy, high performance stability, and high positioning precision.