The invention relates to a track structure fatigue test method and device simulating a moving load. The test method includes the steps that multiple MTSs are sequentially placed in the moving direction of the load on a track structure to be tested; all the MTSs are loaded according to the following loading conditions: the maximum value of loading force is Fmax, the minimum value of the loading force is Fmin, loading frequency is omega, and loading duration is T; with the moving direction of the load as the front, the phase difference between each MTS and the adjacent MTS in the front is theta; the following calculation formula is adopted for theta: please see the specifications for the formula, S is the distance between each MTS and the adjacent MTS in the front with the moving direction of the load as the front, and v is the moving speed of the load to be simulated; after loading, the fatigue damage of the track structure to be tested is observed. Simulation of the moving load is closer to the actual condition, and the fatigue damage to the track structure by the loading force, the number of loading times, the moving direction and the moving speed is reflected.