The invention discloses a method for adjusting poses of airplane components based on a 3-2-1 following locator, which comprises the following steps: firstly, calculating a difference between a current space pose and a target pose of the airplane components to be adjusted according to a measured coordinate and a target coordinate of a measuring point; setting N measuring points on the airplane components to be adjusted; then, calculating a difference between a current space position and a target position of the airplane components to be adjusted; and driving a three-degree of freedom locator, a two-degree of freedom locator and a single-degree of freedom to move according to the difference. The pose adjustment algorithm is simple and easy to implement; and has good adaptability, so that non-rigid body movement cannot occur in the pose adjustment process of the airplane components, and the safety of the pose adjustment process is ensured.