The invention discloses a cavern arch mould spraying concrete construction structure and a cavern arch mould spraying concrete construction process. The structure comprises an anchor rod, a steel structure, concrete and a template, wherein the anchor rod is fixed in a bed rock; the steel structure is fixed through the anchor rod; the detachable template is suspended and fixed and forms a cavern arch pouring space with the bed rock together; and the concrete is sprayed into the pouring space through the template. The construction process comprises the following steps of: rock bed surface treatment, anchor rod construction, inner steel fabric installation, I iron installation, outer steel fabric installation, template installation, concrete spraying and the like. The construction needs no concrete delivery pump, does not need to build a full bearing scaffold and needs only a few constructors and spraying equipment. Therefore, construction materials are greatly saved; the construction period is short; arch lining concrete can be substituted by the mould spraying concrete of an underground cavern permanent structure; and the arch mould spraying concrete is more convenient to operate and the quality is assured.