The invention relates to a distributed fiber sensor for large deformation measurement, belonging to the field of testing instruments of civil engineering. The main structure of the sensor comprises a metallic rod body and an outer-layer rubber body in which fibers are arranged, wherein a lubricating layer is arranged between the metallic rod body and the outer-layer rubber body; four fibers are arranged in the outer-layer rubber body, wherein two fibers are spirally arranged on the surface layer of the outer-layer rubber body, and the two fibers and the rubber body form an entity and deform together; and simultaneously, a preformed hole is arranged in the outer-layer rubber body, and the other two fibers are arranged in the hole and are connected into a loop for temperature compensation, thereby eliminating the influence of the temperature effect on the measurement result. In the process of measurement, the deformation of the external rock and soil mass causes the outer-layer rubber body of the sensor to deform along the axial direction; and as the fibers for measuring deformation are spirally arranged, only micro deformation is caused along the axial direction of the fibers, thereby realizing large deformation measurement. The sensor can be applied to large deformation measurement of phenomena such as settlement, slippage, delamination and the like of rock and soil mass or structures in the fields of civil engineering, mining engineering and the like, and has the advantages of convenient processing, simple structure and low manufacturing cost.