The invention relates to a mine environment probing and search and rescue emergency response system based on a wireless sensor network, which comprises various intelligent wireless sensor network nodes, a plurality of backbone routing nodes of an underground wireless network, an underground wireless sensor network gateway, a fiber optic modem, an attendance reader, an IP network switch, a networkserver, a database center and a monitoring center, and has environment monitoring function before occurrence of accidents, positioning and tracking function in mine operation, electronic attendance function on operating miners, dynamic network repair function after the occurrence of the accidents, wireless voice calling function between ground and underground, and video monitoring and search and rescue function. The system can improve mine safety production management level, promote mine information construction, reduce occurrence of coalmine accidents, quicken the search and rescue process in mine disasters and the like, provides important information platform and has great application value.