A crystalline carbonaceous material with a controlled interlayer spacing and a method of manufacturing the same. In one embodiment, a crystalline carbonaceous material has a layered structure including a plurality of layers and where a filler is present between the layers. The layers with the filler have an interlayer spacing d002 at a (002) plane, and the interlayer spacing d002 is at or between 0.335 nm and 1 nm when its X-ray diffraction is measured using a CuKα ray.