A differential feeding mechanism of the front and rear translation gears of a transverse shuttle-type sewing machine can adjust the fabric feeding speeds of the front and rear translation gears. A main shaft coupled to the power source of the sewing machine is used to drive a front and a rear rocking shafts parallel to but not coaxial with the main shaft to swing up and down, which further drives the front and rear translation gears to feed fabric in. The front and rear rocking shafts are separately pivotedly coupled to front and rear swing arms to form a swing unit. Counter balance weights are pivotedly installed to the swing unit. Shift elements are pivotedly installed to the counter balance weights, which can control the ranges of the planar to-and fro travels of the front and rear translation gears and creates different effects of the sewing thread.