Self-locating charging systems are disclosed for charging electrified vehicles equipped with traction battery packs. An exemplary self-locating charging system may include a beacon dock and a mobile rover configured to move between a stowed state within a docking space of the beacon dock and a charging alignment state in the mobile rover is aligned to a vehicle receiver module of an electrified vehicle for wirelessly transferring power. The self-locating charging system may further include a control module programmed to control movement of the mobile rover along a desired travel path between the stowed state and the charging alignment state.