The present disclosure provides an operating method of a storage controller. The operating method includes receiving user data and environmental information, obtaining logical-characteristic information and physical-characteristic information, defining a current state, obtaining expectation values, and performing a write operation. User data and environmental information is received from a non-volatile memory. The current state may be defined based on the logical-characteristic information and the physical-characteristic information. Expectation values may be obtained based on policy information and the current state. The write operation may be performed on the user data through a physical stream corresponding to a maximum value among the expectation values.