A system to pair internet-connected devices comprising: a plurality of Internet servers each configured to share its server Internet Protocol address with two or more internet-connected devices that share a connection to the Internet through the Internet server; means for producing different respective frequency counts of co-occurrences of different respective pairs of internet-connected device identities: means for producing different respective Boolean counts of Internet protocol addresses having co-occurrences of different respective pairs of internet-connected device identities; and means for determining a device pairing of first and second internet-connected devices based at least in part upon frequency counts of co-occurrences and Boolean counts of Internet protocol addresses having co-occurrences.