The utility model discloses a mineral separation system for extremely-poor vanadium-titanium magnetite. The system comprises an ore crushing system, a magnetic separator I, a first-stage ore grinding classification system, a first-stage low-intensity magnetic separation system, a second-stage ore grinding classification system and a second-stage low-intensity magnetic separation system which are arranged sequentially, wherein a broken ore outlet of the ore crushing system is connected with the magnetic separator I; a magnetic concentrate outlet of the magnetic separator I is connected with an inlet of the first-stage ore grinding classification system; a classified overflow port of the first-stage ore grinding classification system is connected with the inlet of the first-stage low-intensity magnetic separation system; the outlet of the first-stage low-intensity magnetic separation system is connected with the inlet of the second-stage ore grinding classification system; the classified overflow port of the second-stage ore grinding classification system is connected with the inlet of the second-stage low-intensity magnetic separation system. The mineral separation system disclosed by the utility model is used for magnetic separation, ore grinding, magnetic separation again, desulfuration and titanium floatation of the extremely-poor vanadium-titanium magnetite so as to recycle an iron ore concentrate and a titanium ore concentration, improving the low-grade lean ores as developable and utilizable precious resources, and economically, efficiently and reasonably realizing comprehensive utilization of the low-grade lean ores of the vanadium-titanium magnetite, so that the resource utilization rate is increased.