The invention discloses a liquid fuel rotating detonation combustion chamber. The combustion chamber comprises a combustion chamber body, a gas oxidizing agent inlet, a gas oxidizing agent cavity, a gas oxidizing agent injection groove, and a gas oxidizing agent flow guide groove. A liquid fuel channel and a liquid fuel cavity are further included, the liquid fuel channel is adjacently connected with an outer body of the combustion chamber, and is coaxial with the combustion chamber, the inlet flow direction of the liquid fuel channel is opposite to the outlet flow direction of the combustionchamber, the liquid fuel cavity communicates with the liquid fuel channel, a liquid fuel injection hole is formed in the bottom of the liquid fuel cavity in the circumferential direction, and the liquid fuel injection hole and the gas oxidizing agent injection groove are in the perpendicular arranging relation. According to the technical scheme, combustion chamber wall face cooling and fuel oil preheating can be achieved, deforming due to too high thermal stress of the combustion chamber outer wall face is prevented, and meanwhile, the fuel oil atomization effect is effectively improved.