The invention discloses a correction system and a correction method of an operating railway bridge structure. The correction system of the operating railway bridge structure comprises a temporary supporting device, an adjusting system and a detection system, wherein the temporary supporting device comprises a temporary support, a backing plate and a temporary cushion layer which is arranged on a bridge pier; the upper part of the temporary support is connected with a beam body; the lower part of the temporary support is supported on the temporary cushion layer; the backing plate is arranged between the temporary support and the temporary cushion layer; the adjusting system comprises a control system and a vertical jacking mechanism; the vertical jacking mechanism is supported between the beam body and the bridge pier; the control system is connected with the vertical jacking mechanism in a controlled manner; the detection system is configured to detect the jacking displacement amount and inclination degree of the beam body; and moreover, the detection system is connected with the control system via a signal. According to the correction system and the correction method of an operating railway bridge structure, the adjusting amount is large, and the problem of non-uniform settlement can be effectively solved.